by "Bully Brooks," one of the members for South Carolina. He signalized himself by his opposition to the annexation of Texas, and the other measures of the proslavery party, and supported Van Buren as a candidate for the presidency in 1848. His abhorrence of slavery regulated his policy in the contest between the Federal and the Confederate states; and his eagerness for its abolition led him to give his hearty support to the measures of the president. He died in February, 1874.—J. T.
* SUMNER, Charles Richard, D.D., Bishop of Winchester, is the only surviving brother of the late archbishop of Canterbury, and was born in 1790 at his father's vicarage of Kenilworth. Educated at Eton and Cambridge, he graduated B.A. as scholar of Trinity college in 1814. Entering the church, he soon afterwards accompanied as tutor the present marquis of Conyngham to the continent. At Geneva he successfully exerted himself with the local authorities to procure a chapel for the English residents, and he became its first minister. In 1816 he was appointed curate of Highclere, Hampshire, in 1821 vicar of St. Helen's, Abingdon, and in 1822 prebendary of Worcester. His first work, published about this time, was entitled "The Ministerial Character of Christ practically considered;" its theological views were those of the evangelical party, of which its author is a prominent leader. Already chaplain in ordinary and deputy-clerk of the closet to George IV., he was appointed in 1825 a prebendary of Canterbury. In that year appeared his edition and translation, executed at the king's command, of Milton's long-lost treatise on Christian Doctrine, which had been discovered in 1823 among the state papers by Mr. Lemon, their deputy-keeper. This was the work which furnished the theme for Lord Macaulay's celebrated essay on Milton, his first contribution to the Edinburgh Review. In 1826 Dr. Sumner was appointed bishop of Llandaff, and was translated to the see of Winchester in 1827. In virtue of his office, the bishop of Winchester is prelate of the order of the garter. In 1816 he married Jane, the daughter of J. P. Maunoir, Esq., since deceased.—F. E.
SUMNER, John Bird, D.D., late archbishop of Canterbury, was born in 1780 at Kenilworth in Warwickshire, of which town his father was vicar. He was educated at Eton and at King's college, Cambridge, where he was Broune's medallist in 1800, and Hulsean prizeman in 1802, when he took his B.A. degree, being then fellow of his college. In the same year he was appointed assistant master at Eton. He took priest's orders in 1805, and in 1817 became a fellow of Eton college. In 1818 he was appointed rector of Mapledurham, Oxon., and two years afterwards a prebendary of Durham. His first work of importance was his "Apostolical Preaching considered in an Examination of St. Paul's Epistles," 1816, and belonging to the "via media" school of Anglican theology. It was followed in 1817 by his "Treatise on the Records of the Creation and on the Moral Attributes of the Creator," which had gained the year before the second Burnett prize of £400, and in which the results of geological discovery were frankly accepted. In 1821 appeared his "Sermons on the Christian Faith and Character," and in 1824 his "Evidences of Christianity derived from its Nature and Reception." All of these works have gone through many editions. In 1828 Dr. Sumner was appointed by the Wellington-Peel administration bishop of Chester, a diocese which included until 1847 the populous industrial district in that year assigned to a separate bishopric of Manchester. The bishop of Chester, little known as a politician, was quietly but earnestly active in his diocese, and new churches rose in it on every side. In 1848, the year after the creation of a see of Manchester, he was chosen, during the premiership of Earl Russell, to succeed Dr. Howley as archbishop of Canterbury. He died on the 6th of September, 1862.—F. E.
SURAJAH DOWLAH, more properly Suraj-ud-Dowlat, Subahdar, or Viceroy of Bengal, born in 1737, succeeded, at the age of nineteen, his grand-uncle, Aliverdi Khan. Adding a feeble understanding to a brutal disposition, he immediately after his accession picked a quarrel with the English in Bengal, and appeared in the June of 1756 with an overwhelming force before Calcutta. The circumstances under which the city was surrendered by the English, and the atrocity of the Black Hole of Calcutta, which was perpetrated with the connivance, though not exactly by the command of Surajah Dowlah, have been recorded in a previous memoir (see Holwell, John Zephaniah). Surajah Dowlah returned in triumph to his capital, Moorshedabad; but when Clive had retaken Calcutta, and achieved other successes, the tyrant made a treaty of alliance with the English. He soon, however, broke it, and on the 23rd June, 1757, on the field of Plassey (see Clive, Robert) signal retribution was taken for the Black Hole atrocity. Surajah Dowlah fled when he saw his faithless coadjutor Meer Jaffier retreat, as Clive advanced to the charge. Meer Jaffier became viceroy of Bengal, and Surajah Dowlah, afterwards seized while attempting to escape, was brought to Moorshedabad, and murdered in his cell by order of Meer Jaffier's son.—F. E.
SURENHUSIUS, William, was professor of Hebrew and Greek in the university of Amsterdam, and author of an edition of the Mishna of the Jews, published in three volumes, between the years 1698 and 1703.
SURIUS, Laurentius, a learned Carthusian, born at Lubeck, 1522; died 1578. He is author of a "Collection of Councils," "Lives of the Saints," and a "History of his own Times."
SURREY, Earl of. See Howard.
SURTEES, Robert, the historian of the county of Durham, was born at Durham in 1779, the only child of an opulent country gentleman. He passed his early years at his father's hereditary seat of Mainsforth, county of Durham, and while a child displayed antiquarian tastes, being a keen hunter after and acquirer of the old Roman coins, which occasionally came to light in the district. He received his later education at Christ church, Oxford, where Mr. Hallam the historian, and Mr. Charles Kirkpatrick Sharpe the antiquary, were among his associates. At college, as in after life, he was distinguished by independence and a certain quiet humour. He had been entered at the Middle temple, when the death of his father in 1802 called him to Mainsforth, where he remained during the rest of his life, chiefly occupied with his favourite achæological pursuits. He was a correspondent of Sir Walter Scott, on whom, early in their acquaintance, he palmed off as a genuine antique what was in reality his own manufacture—the ballad of the "Death of Featherstonhaugh," first and gravely printed by Scott in the Notes to a canto of Marmion. His "History of the County Palatine of Durham," the standard history of that county, a work of great research, was published in 1816-23, in three volumes folio. Mr. Surtees died in 1834. In honour of his memory, his name was given to the Surtees Society, established in the same year for the publication of unedited MSS. illustrating the history of the region lying between the Humber and the Forth, the Mersey and the Clyde. The Memoir of Surtees by his friend the Rev. G. Taylor was reprinted by the society, with additions, in 1852. There is an interesting notice, with some amusing anecdotes of Surtees, in Mr. John Hill Burton's volume, entitled The Book-hunter, 1862.—F. E.
SUSARION, regarded as the founder of the Athenian comedy, was a native of Megara, and appears to have introduced the Megaric comedy into Attica about 580 b.c. The plays thus introduced were commonly performed at the festivals held in honour of Dionysius, and, as may be supposed, were full of coarse and licentious buffoonery. They were entirely choric in their nature, and, as has been shown by Bentley, were probably merely oral, and not written. The main alteration brought into use by Susarion is, that he confined the chorus to metrical composition, and disallowed the intermixture of prose.—G.
SUSRUTA, an ancient Hindu medical writer, whose date has been much disputed, and cannot yet be considered settled. The Hindus themselves attribute to him an immense antiquity; Hessler, the German translator of his work, thinks it was written about a thousand years before the christian era; Vullers (Janus, vol. i., p. 229) is of the same opinion, partly from an apparent misunderstanding as to the decision of the late H. H. Wilson, who merely states, with respect to the works of Charaka and Susruta, that, from their being mentioned in the Puranas, the ninth or tenth century is the most modern limit of our conjecture, while the style of the authors, as well as their having become the heroes of fable, indicate a long anterior date. Lassen in his great work on Indian antiquities (vol. ii., p. 511) does not enter definitely upon the question of the date of Susruta, but is inclined to place him in the third or fourth century b.c. On the other hand, Stenzler (Janus, vol. i., p. 453) thinks it more probable that he lived some centuries after Christ; which opinion agrees with that of A. Weber, who (Indische Literaturgeschichte, p. 226) suggests that he was a contemporary of the astronomer Varâhamihira, about 500. On this point the present writer is not competent to form an opinion; but he may state that Dr. Rost,
