share in the burning of Rome, and in most of the other foul crimes perpetrated by Nero. He became in consequence most obnoxious to the Roman people. On the death of Nero he transferred his allegiance to Galba, and thus saved his life. But on the accession of Otho he committed suicide.—J. T.
TIGHE, Mary, an Irish poetess, was the daughter of the Rev. William Blackford, county of Wicklow, Ireland, and was born in Dublin, 1774. At nineteen she married her cousin, Mr. Tighe of Woodstock, in Kilkenny county, which he represented in the Irish parliament, a gentleman himself a poet, and the author of a work on the statistics of his native county. Her polished and musical poem of "Psyche" is founded on the well-known episode of Apuleius, and written in the Spenserian stanza. Speaking of it Mr. William Howitt goes the length of saying, that "none but Spenser himself has excelled Mrs. Tighe in the field of allegory." She died of consumption in 1810.—F. E.
TIGRANES, the name of a series of Armenian kings, the most celebrated of whom was Tigranes I., who began to reign about 98 b.c. We have little information about the events of the early period of his reign, though he seems to have strengthened and considerably increased the Armenian power after his accession. We find him also at war with the Parthians, at first with various success; but ultimately he reduced to subjection and annexed to Armenia the Parthian provinces of Gordycne and Atropatene. In 83 b.c. he overran Syria, and possessed himself of the whole country from the Euphrates to the sea, appointing Magadates to be his viceroy over it. Soon after his accession he married Cleopatra, a daughter of Mithridates, king of Pontus; and in 76 b.c. he was induced by that monarch to aid him in his contest with Rome by an invasion of Cappadocia. On the defeat of Mithridates in 71 b.c. he declined to render him any assistance against the Romans, but took him under his protection, and refused to deliver him up to the Roman ambassadors who were sent to demand the person of the king. This involved him in a war with Rome, and after suffering various reverses he was defeated by Lucullus near Tigranocerta. Many of the princes whom he had held in subjection now deserted him and joined the Romans; but in 68 b.c. he was able to collect another army. He was again defeated; but a mutiny having arisen in the Roman army, Lucullus was unable to follow up his advantage. Tigranes again collected his scattered forces, and attacked the Romans with so much success that he regained a great portion of his territory. In 66 b.c. Pompey took the command in the Mithridatic war, and Mithridates was speedily reduced to the necessity of seeking the assistance of his son-in-law for a second time. Tigranes refused to join him, and by a timely submission to Pompey was allowed to retain possession of part of his kingdom on payment of a large sum of money. He died about 55 b.c.—D. M.
TILLEMONT, Sebastian le Nain de, a French ecclesiastical historian, was born in Paris in 1637, and was educated for the priesthood in the school of Port-Royal. He delayed taking orders till 1676, and in the meanwhile devoted himself entirely to historical studies. He shared the views and the chequered fortunes of the Jansenists of Port-Royal, and died in Paris in 1698. Though he gave much assistance to his friends in bringing out many works in patristic and historical literature, he had reached his fifty-second year before he published any thing in his own name. His first work was his "Histoire des Empereurs et des autres Princes qui out régné durant le six premiers siécles de l'Englise, des pérsecutions qu'ils ont faites aux chrétiens," &c., 1690, 4to. This work extended to six volumes, two of which were posthumous. His principal work was also almost entirely posthumous, the "Mémoirs pour servir a l'histoire ecclésiastique des six premiers siécles," only three volumes of which appeared in his lifetime, and the remaining thirteen after his death. The whole work brought down the history of the church to the year 513. It was the first church history produced in France which sprung from anything like a fair and accurate use of the original sources. It was drawn up in a very dry and uninteresting form, consisting chiefly of connected extracts from the early christian writers, with observations of the author on points of doubt and difficulty. But such an impartial exhibition of the ancient authorities was of eminent use in that polemical age; and though Tillemont's criticism has been superseded by later researches, his labours deserve honourable remembrance for the example which they set of conscientious and candid study of the true fountains of church history.—P. L.
TILLOCH, Alexander, a Scottish miscellaneous writer, was the son of a tobacconist in Glasgow, where he was born in 1759. He carried on his father's business for some time, but ultimately abandoned it for the printing trade. He removed to London in 1787, and two years later became editor, and part proprietor of the Star evening newspaper, a situation which he held until within a few years of his death. He was fond of dabbling in biblical discussions, and several dissertations on prophecy, which appeared in the Star, were published by him in a collected form under the name "Biblicus." He was also the author of dissertations introductory to the study of the Apocalypse. He commenced in 1797 the Philosophical Magazine, and his last undertaking was a weekly periodical entitled the Mechanic's Oracle. He died in 1825.—J. T.
TILLOTSON, John, a distinguished prelate, was the son of a puritan clothier, and was born at Sowerby, near Halifax, in 1630. After preparatory schooling he was sent as a pensioner to Clare hall, Cambridge, in 1647, and he was elected a fellow in 1651. At the university he enjoyed the friendship of More, Cudworth, Wilkins, and other divines of eminence. In 1654 he took the degree of A.M., and he became D.D. in 1666. His biographers speak of him leaving the university as a nonconformist, and becoming chaplain in the family of Prideaux, the attorney-general of Cromwell. They also speak of him as gradually rising out of the "coarser prejudices" of his education, and state that Chillingworth's book gave "his mind the ply which it held ever after." It is not precisely known at what time Tillotson entered holy orders, but in 1660 he was a curate at Cheshunt, and in 1663 he had the rectory of Keddington in Suffolk. In 1664 he became preacher of Lincoln's inn, and in the same year was chosen Tuesday lecturer at St. Laurence church in the Jewry, London. At this period commenced his authorship, as he published the "Rule of Faith" in 1666. Preferments were now showered upon him. In 1669 he was made prebend of Canterbury, in 1672 dean of Canterbury, prebend of St. Paul's in 1675, and in 1677 a canon residentiary in the same cathedral. In 1689 he became clerk of the closet to King William, and the same year he succeeded Stillingfleet as dean of St. Paul's. A good deal of literary work had been done by Tillotson before this time. He had published from Bishop Wilkins' papers his "Natural Religion," and he edited in the same way several of the posthumous works of Barrow. On the 5th of November, 1678, he preached a famous sermon against popery, and in 1680 he delivered his well-known discourse on the same subject, published under the title of "The Protestant Religion vindicated from the charge of singularity and novelty." In this sermon he hazarded extreme sentiments, very unlike his usual caution. Still, according to Burnet, he brought over to the Church of England, by his clear and calm reasoning, a greater number of persons from Romanism than any other divine of the period. When Charles II. in 1672 issued the insidious declaration for liberty of conscience Tillotson declared himself strongly opposed to it, but in spite of this hostility to the court he was promoted. The exclusion bill against the duke of York was warmly advocated by him; and he attended along with Burnet at the execution of Lord William Russell, having previously at the trial borne witness to his personal character. After the Revolution Sancroft refused to take the oaths to the new government, and in consequence was suspended in August, 1689, and deprived in the February following. It was not, however, till April, 1691, that Tillotson, at the repeated and earnest solicitations of the king, allowed himself to be nominated to the vacant see. Sancroft left Lambeth on the 23rd of June, and his successor took possession in the following November. The unrelenting animosity of the nonjurors was now let loose upon him, as an unprincipled schismatic; his consecration was held to be null, and his episcopate a violent intrusion. But the prelate retorted not, proceeding calmly in the performance of his duties. Various schemes appear to have been in his mind for the well-being and progress of the church. Among them was a plan of comprehension, widening the basis of admission so that ejected presbyterians might be embraced. But his episcopate was brief. He was seized with paralysis while attending service at Whitehall, and expired five days afterwards, on the 22nd of November, 1694. His disease greatly impaired his utterance, but he was able to say, that he had "no burden on his conscience." King William was deeply affected; "I have lost," he said, "the best man that I ever knew," and the queen could not refer to his death without weeping. Burnet, as he preached his funeral sermon, was by
