that Adam the first man became also the first sinner and mortal, and that so the whole human race propagated from him could be naturally no better than he was; 'by one man sin entered into the world, and death by sin.'" To the man who should say, "Still I do not thoroughly understand the origin of sin, there seems to be some mystery about it," Toland would reply, "It may be quite true that we have no adequate idea of the origin of sin, but for all that, it is no mystery." It is obvious that such a dispute turns entirely on words. He professes, too, the most unquestioning faith in miracles, denying only that they are mysterious, inasmuch as God is all-powerful, a conclusion we may assent to, or not, according to the meaning we attach to the word "mysterious." Nevertheless Toland's book excited an indescribable commotion, about as much as Essays and Reviews have stirred up in the present day. The clamour crossed over into Ireland, and when Toland went thither in 1697 he found the country too hot to hold him. His work was condemned by the Irish parliament, and ordered to be burnt by the hangman. Mr. Brown, senior fellow of Trinity college, and afterwards bishop of Cork, fell foul of it in very unmeasured terms, and wished that its author could be handed over for punishment to the civil magistrate. There are some curious passages about Toland in Locke's correspondence with Molyneux. Toland was an ardent admirer of Locke; and it is amusing to observe how the philosopher is divided between his desire to retain an active adherent, and his wish to shake off an obnoxious author, against whom the tide of public opinion was running strong. Besides this work, Toland wrote a "Life of Milton," "Letters to Serena," and a good many pamphlets. He also edited Harrington's Oceana. His works were condemned by both houses of convocation, but on consulting lawyers they found that without a license from the king they had no authority to censure such works judicially. From 1701 to 1710, Toland lived principally on the continent. On his return to England he was supported by the patronage of Harley, earl of Oxford, who made use of him to forward his political projects. He afterwards lost the favour of this minister, and then he wrote pamphlets against him. Toland died at Putney in 1722, declaring on his deathbed that he was killed by the violent medicine which had been administered to him by his doctor, who, when taxed with this by his patient, "seemed no otherwise concerned than gravely to say, 'that it was very remarkable.'" Toland, though a man of some learning, was but a poor writer. He scarcely seems entitled to the bad pre-eminence usually assigned to him, of being one of the leading rationalists in religion. He is classed by Leland among the deistical writers; but his worst faults appear to have been dullness, pedantry, vanity, and indiscretion. A collection of several pieces of Mr. John Toland, now first published from his original manuscripts, with some memoirs of his life and writings, 2 vols., was put forth in 1726.—J. F. F.
TOLEDO, Pedro de, Spanish Viceroy of Naples, was born in 1484, and entered the household of Ferdinand the Catholic as a page. He afterwards served under the Emperor Charles V., and accompanied him in his progress through Flanders, Germany, and Italy. In 1532 he was appointed viceroy of Naples, which kingdom he found suffering severely from the recent French invasion (1527-29), and the anarchy which ensued, as well as from the plague. His administration was distinguished by great reforms in the administration of justice and limitations to the privileges of the nobles; by extensive improvements and embellishments to the city, and the draining of the adjacent marshes; and by the fortifications which he erected against the Turks. In 1547 his popularity was jeopardized by an ill-judged attempt to establish the Spanish inquisition in Naples; and the nobles, who hated the viceroy for having subjected them to law, led the insurrection of the populace. The viceroy caused some of the leading rebels to be executed, and retired into the castle with his Spanish troops, leaving the city without a regular government. In obedience to instructions from Charles V., however, the viceroy came to terms with the insurgents, including a general amnesty (a few only of the leaders being compelled to leave Naples), a fine of one hundred crowns levied on the city, and the concession that the inquisition should not be established in Naples. Towards the end of 1552 he was called upon to march on to Siena in Tuscany, which had revolted, but he became ill on the journey, and died at Florence in 1553.—F. M. W.
TOLLENS, Hendrick Corneliszoon, one of the most popular poets of Holland, was born at Rotterdam on the 24th of September, 1780. His father was a dealer in colours, and Hendrik assisted him in his earlier years. However, poetry had greater charms for him than business, and he soon began to cultivate the muse. He commenced with tragedies, but his powers did not exactly lie in that department. Afterwards taking the subjects of his poems from national history and domestic life, he achieved remarkable popularity, so much so that in 1817 the third edition of his works numbered ten thousand subscribers, while his countrymen seemed inclined to honour him in every possible way. His fame increased until the period of his death, which occurred in 1856. The lyrical and narrative poetry of Tollens is that by which his name will be best remembered. Some of his numerous historical ballads are deserving of high praise.—J. J.
TOLLIUS, Cornelius, a Dutch humanist, was born at Utrecht about 1620, and died about 1662 at Harderwyck, where since 1648 he had occupied the chair of Greek. He received his education in the academy of Amsterdam, and was chosen private secretary by Gerh. Joh. Vossius, at whose death he pronounced his celebrated "Oratio Funebris." We owe him editions of Palæphatus de Incredibilibus, and other minor works.—K. E.
TOLLIUS, Jacob, a Dutch philologist and alchemist, was born at Utrecht about 1630. After completing his studies he acted as amanuensis to Gerh. Joh. Vossius, but he was dismissed for copying the notes of his patron for his own use. Of the same misdemeanour he made himself guilty against Nic. Heinsius. He then became rector of the Latin school at Gouda, but being dismissed again, he studied medicine, and made himself famous by his search for the philosopher's stone. In 1687 he was commissioned by the elector of Brandenburg to visit the principal mines of Germany and Italy. His life then became more and more unsettled, and he died in poverty at Utrecht, 22nd June, 1696. Of what strange misconceptions learning may be productive, is shown by this author's "Fortuita," &c., Amsterdam, 1686, in which he has tried to construe the mythology of the ancients into chemical allegories. Among the rest of his works we mention his editions of "Ausonius," 1669, and "Longinus," 1694, and his "Epistolæ Itinerariæ," edited by Hennin, Amsterdam, 1700.—K. E.
TOLOMEI or TOLOMMEI, Claudio, an accomplished writer, founder of the Roman Accademia della Virtù, born in Siena about 1492; died in Rome, 23rd March, 1555. He is author of "Cesano," a dialogue; "Versi e Regole della Poesia Nuova," a work which lays down rules for the construction of Italian verses in classic metres; "Orations;" and seven books of "Letters."—C. G. R.
TOMASINI, Jacobo Philippo, a learned Italian antiquary, was born at Padua in 1597. By Pope Urban VIII he was preferred to the see of Citta Nuova in Istria, where he died in 1654, He was a great admirer of Petrarch, and in 1650 published a work, "Petrarcha Redivivus," in which he compiled everything relating to the life and poems of that celebrated poet. The rest of his works chiefly refer to the history and antiquities of his native town of Padua.—K. E.
TOMLINE, George, an eminent bishop, was the son of a tradesman at Bury St. Edmunds, and was born about 1750. The family name was Pretyman. After some years' tuition at the grammar-school of that place, he entered Pembroke hall, Cambridge, was senior wrangler in 1772, and chosen a fellow in 1781. He was also William Pitt's tutor during his two years of academic residence, and he rapidly rose through the patronage of the great statesman, who on becoming chancellor of the exchequer made Pretyman his private secretary. Then he gave him the rectory of Sudbury in Suffolk, and a prebendal stall in St. Peter's, Westminster. In 1787 he was named to the see of Lincoln, and had added to it the deanery of St. Paul's. In 1820 he was translated to the lucrative see of Winchester, and he died November 8, 1827. A gentleman had bequeathed him a fortune on condition of his taking the name of Tomline. Bishop Tomline's literary productions are—his "Elements of Christian Theology," a work rather dry and meagre; his "Refutation of the charge of Calvinism against the Church of England," a treatise that fails to verify its title; and a "Life of the Right Hon. William Pitt," which Macaulay says "enjoys the distinction of being the worst biographical work of its size in the world." Tomline was not a man of brilliant gifts, though an excellent geometrician. His general character was blameless.—J. E.
TOMMASEO, Niccolo, author, and member of the Venetian provisional government in 1848; born at Sebenico in Dalmatia
