in 1803. Towards the close of 1847 Tommaseo united with Daniele Manin in petitioning against the Austrian censorship of the press. This led to the arrest of both, from which they were released, March, 1848, by a rising of the people; and when Austria was expelled and a republic proclaimed, Tommaseo was elected to the provisional government. The vicissitudes of his political career included some loss of popularity, which did not shield him, when Austria regained power, from sentence of exile. He then retired to Corfu, and resumed his interrupted literary pursuits. His works include a "Comment on Dante," a Dictionary of Synonyms, some original poems, and a collection of popular poetry, Tuscan, Corsican, Dalmatian, and Greek.—C. G. R.
TOMMASI, Giuseppe Maria (sometimes known as Giuseppe Maria Caro), Cardinal; born at Alicata in Sicily, on 14th September, 1649; died 1st of January, 1713. He published editions of various works appertaining to ecclesiastical literature, and enriched with matter from his own pen; such as—"Codices Sacramentorum nongentis annis vetustiores," and a collection of minor works of the fathers.—C. G. R.
TONE, Theobald Wolfe, was born at Dublin in 1764, and was educated at the university of that city. He was intended for the legal profession, but he abandoned it for politics. He threw himself with great ardour into the contest between the Irish people and the British government, and assisted in organizing the society of United Irishmen. He was obliged to flee the country, and took refuge first in America, and afterwards in France, where, in 1790, he concerted with General Hoche the expedition to Bantry Bay, which was dispersed by a storm, and compelled to return to Brest without having effected a landing. A second and equally futile attempt was made in 1798. The vessel in which Wolfe Tone had embarked was captured by a British frigate. He was brought prisoner to Dublin, tried by a court-martial, and condemned to be hanged, but he anticipated the sentence by committing suicide.—J. T.
TONSON, Jacob, a London publisher, was the second son of a barber-surgeon in Holborn, and was born about 1656. He was bound apprentice to a London bookseller in 1670, and in 1677 commenced business, apparently in partnership with his elder brother Richard, in Chancery Lane. There, in 1681, he published the first edition of Dryden's Spanish Friar. He was the publisher of several of Dryden's other works, among them the Fables, and letters between him and the poet are printed in the Dryden Correspondence. In 1697 he removed to Gray's inn, and thence about 1712 to the Shakspeare's Head in the Strand, opposite Catherine Street. He published Addison's Campaign, and was one of the earliest bibliopolic patrons of Pope. His edition, 1712, of Clarke's Cæsar is said to have been the most magnificent work up to that time issued in England. Jacob Tonson was secretary to the famous Kit Cat club, and the portraits of its members were painted for him by Kneller, and adorned his villa at Barn Elms. About 1720 he retired from active business, and lived principally on his estate in Herefordshire. He died in 1736.—F. E.
TONSTALL. See Tunstall.
TOOKE, Andrew, an English writer, the second son of a London stationer, was born in 1673, and was educated at the Charterhouse, and at Clare hall, Cambridge, where he took his degrees. He subsequently became usher and master of the Charterhouse, professor of geometry at Gresham college after Dr. Hooke, and a fellow of the Royal Society. He published a "Synopsis Græcæ linguæ;" Ovid's Fâsti, with English interpretations and notes; a revised translation of Pomey's Pantheon, or history of the heathen gods; a translation of Puffendorf's Whole Duty of Man; and an account of Gresham college in Strype's second appendix of Stow's Scenery of London.—F.
TOOKE, John Horne, author of the "Diversions of Purley," was born in Newport Street, London, in June, 1736. When once asked by his schoolfellows what his father was, he is said to have replied, "A Turkey merchant;" in point of fact his father was a poulterer in Newport market of the name of Horne, "Tooke" being a late addition of his son's. The elder Horne was a man of spirit and resolution, who defeated at law the officers of the household of his neighbour, Frederick, prince of Wales, when for their own convenience they encroached upon his property. He was probably also opulent, for his son was educated at Westminster and Eton, and then sent to St John's college, Cambridge, where he took his B.A. degree in 1758. On leaving college, he was for a short time usher in a school at Blackheath, and against his own wishes, which led him to the bar, he went into the church to please his father, and thus placed himself in a false position at the threshold of his career. In 1760 his father purchased for him the chapelry of New Brentford, and he entered upon his clerical duties with disgust in his heart. He was happy to escape occasionally from New Brentford and the pulpit to the continent, whither he accompanied as tutor the son of at least one gentleman; and at Paris, during one of these trips, he became intimate with Wilkes. At home he supported his new friend's nomination for the county of Middlesex, played vigorously the part of a clerical demagogue, and founded the society for supporting the bill of rights, in connection with which he ultimately and publicly quarreled with Wilkes. In 1773 he resigned his living, and some of the friends whom his liberalism and talents had procured him, guaranteed him a suitable income until he should be called to the bar. While studying law he was of service to a Mr. Tooke of Purley in Surrey, whom he assisted in opposing an inclosure bill. Mr. Tooke made him his heir; and although he did not reap from the connection all the benefit that he expected, he assumed in gratitude the surname of Tooke, by which he is generally known. In 1775, with the breaking out of the war of the American revolution, he published an advertisement accusing the king's troops of having "murdered" at Lexington the American insurgents, for whose widows and orphans he claimed the subscriptions of the public. In 1777 he was, on this account, prosecuted for a libel. He defended himself, but he was found guilty, and condemned to pay a fine of £200 and to be imprisoned for twelve months. From prison he issued in 1778 his "Letter to Mr. Dunning," which contained the germ of his etymological theories, and which was based on the construction by the judges of certain prepositions in a case quoted against him on his trial. The letter made a good deal of noise among philologists, as well as politicians. "Were I to make a new edition of my dictionary," said Johnson at the time, "I would adopt several of Mr. Home's etymologies. I hope they did not put the dog in the pillory for his libel; he has too much literature for that." On his release f rom prison he was refused admission to the bar, both from his clerical and his political antecedents. After a trial of farming in Huntingdonshire, and some more turbulent political authorship, he published in 1786 the work on which his fame chiefly rests, "Επεα πτεροεντα, or the diversions of Purley," the name of the residence of his benefactor, Mr. Wm. Tooke. In 1790, with the excitement produced by the first French revolution, he appeared as a candidate for the representation of Westminster, and although unsuccessful, polled nearly seventeen hundred votes. In 1794, on account mainly of his connection with the Constitution Society, he was tried for high treason at the Old Bailey (October 29 to December 25) with Hardy and Thelwall. He defended himself with great ability; and down to a very recent period the day of his acquittal was kept as a festival or celebrated with a banquet by metropolitan radicalism. In 1796 he was again an unsuccessful candidate for the representation of Westminster, but he polled no fewer than two thousand eight hundred and nineteen votes—a large number, to be procured without extrinsic aid. At last in 1801 he attained the object of his ambition, and the denouncer of rotten boroughs entered the house of commons as member for one of the most rotten of them all—Old Sarum—his seat for which was given him by the Lord Camelford, who once talked of sending his black footman to the house of commons. He made no figure in the house, where he sat till the dissolution of 1802, being prevented from reappearing in it by a declaratory act, passed in consequence of his presence, and which forbade any one in priest's orders from entering the house of commons in future. He died at Wimbledon in March, 1812. The best estimate of Horne Tooke is contained in a lively article on him in No. xiv. of the Quarterly Review, understood to be from the pen of the late Lord Dudley and Ward. There he is described at once as "one of the best bred gentlemen of the age, as kind, friendly, and hospitable," and yet as "the Ishmael of literature and politics—his hand against every man, and every man's hand against him"—a fact which the charitable critic is inclined to ascribe to his adoption of the clerical profession against his will, and his exclusion from the legal profession, for which he was fitted, and in which he was desirous of figuring. Nor has what the "Diversions of Purley" both succeeded and failed in proving been better described than by the same Quarterly reviewer in the following passage:—"What he has proved is, that all words even those
