engagement, when three Spanish vessels were captured, off the coast of Flanders. After retiring for a short time from active service, he was appointed in 1637 lieutenant-admiral by the stadtholder, Frederic Henry, with a squadron of eleven ships under his command. In the course of that year and the following so many Spanish ships were captured by him that the States presented him with a gold chain, and the king of France conferred upon him the order of St. Michael. In 1639 Tromp, in conjunction with Cornelius Van Witt, attacked a large Spanish fleet off the coast of Sussex, and defeated them, capturing thirteen richly laden galleons. During 1640 and 1641 Tromp rendered great service, but it was not until the Protectorate in this country that his active duty began. On the 26th of March, 1652, Blake was appointed sole admiral of England for nine months, on the prospect of a war with Holland. War had not been declared between the two countries, but Tromp had been despatched with forty vessels to watch Blake, who was cruising about the Channel. The two fleets met off Dover. Having roused their passions by a series of bravadoes, the two commanders lost control over themselves and began to fight in earnest. The combat lasted four hours, when night put an end to it. The English ships were much damaged, but the Dutch lost two vessels. Tromp was much annoyed at being defeated by a commander new to the sea, and his chagrin was increased when he was superseded in command by Ruyter and Van Witt. He was, however, soon afterwards restored to command by the States. On the 29th of November, 1652, the Dutch and English fleets again met; but although the former outnumbered the latter Blake's pride would not allow him to decline the engagement. The fight was a determined one, lasting from two in the morning till seven in the evening, when Blake, whose remaining ships were much disabled, retired up the Thames. During the contest the Dutch took the Garland and the Bonadventure, sunk three English frigates, and burnt one. The Dutch had one ship blown up, and the flag-ships of Tromp and Ruyter were much injured. Tromp after this success sailed up the Channel with a broom at his mast-head. In February, 1653, Tromp with a fleet of seventy men-of-war was affording convoy to three hundred merchantmen in the English Channel He was attacked by Blake, with whom Monk and Deanes were joined in commission. A running fight was kept up from off Portland to the sands of Calais. Although the Dutch lost more ships than the English in this engagement, the loss of men on both sides was about equal. During the same year on the 29th of July the Dutch fleet was opposed by Monk, and Tromp was killed during the action. Both sides claimed the victory. Tromp was buried at Delft, with great pomp and solemnity.—W. J P.
TRONCHIN, Theodore, a physician, was born at Geneva in 1709. His father having crippled his fortune in the Mississippi speculation, sent his son to England to push his fortunes under Lord Bolingbroke, to whom he was in some degree related. He commenced his studies at Cambridge, but choosing medicine as his profession, he went to Leyden, and entered under Boerhaave. He settled as a physician at Amsterdam, where he obtained the appointment of inspector of hospitals. Having married a lady who was related to John De Witt, and having formed strong opinions in favour of a purely republican form of government, he left Amsterdam and returned to Geneva, where he was chosen honorary professor of medicine. Tronchin has the merit of having introduced the practice of inoculation into Holland and Geneva. In 1756 he was called to Paris to inoculate the children of the duke of Orleans; the operation proved successful, and it paved the way to wealth and honours. In 1765 he inoculated the children of the duke of Parma, who named him his first physician. He finally settled in Paris as physician to the duke of Orleans in 1766, where he made an extensive and lucrative practice. He died there on November 30, 1781. Tronchin's success was due to his practical ability, combined with an exceedingly pleasing exterior and manners. He published two theses, "De Nymphâ," Leyden, 4to, 1736; and "De Colicâ Pictonum," Geneva, 1757. He also published some observations on ophthalmia and hernia in the Memoirs of the French Academy of Surgery, and an edition of the works of Baillon.—F. C. W.
TROTEREAU, Julian, a learned priest, and doctor of the university of Poitiers, who died about the year 1500. He was celebrated for his extraordinary erudition—possessing a knowledge of theology, law, and philosophy much more extensive than was common in the dark age in which he lived. He was, besides, a good Grecian and Latinist, and seems also to have possessed a considerable acquaintance with the Hebrew language—an accomplishment which must have most of all distinguished him among the wretched scholars of his time He even wrote an introduction to the study of Hebrew. This work, which is mentioned by Imbonati, is remarkably interesting as having been the first of the kind ever published by a christian writer. Wolf, indeed, says that one Laurentius Holocke had already, as early as 1410, compiled a Hebrew lexicon (see Life and Times of Reuchlin, by Francis Barham, p. 93); but it never appeared in print. Trotereau's little work must have been published in the fifteenth century, as its author died about 1500, and it is not likely that Wolf knew anything of it. The next work of the kind that appeared, so far as we are aware, was an humble attempt at Hebrew grammar, entitled "Conradus Pellicanus de modo legendi et intelligendi Hebrææ." This little work of Pellican's was published at Basil in 1503—three years before the appearance of the celebrated Linguæ Hebraicæ Rudimenta (Pfornheim, 1506), by Reuchlin, the master of Pellican, and the great restorer of Hebraistic learning. Trotereau is also said to have been a zealous and eloquent preacher, and to have had the happiness of seeing part at least of the good fruits of his labours before he departed. For a further account of this somewhat remarkable man, see Singularités Historiques et litteraires, par Dom. Liron, Bénédictin de la congrégation de Saint Maur, tome troisiéme, pag. 193 et 194.
TROUGHTON, Edward, a distinguished English philosophical instrument maker and man of science, was born in Cumberland in October, 1753, and died in London on the 12th of July, 1835. He was bred as a mechanical engineer in London under his brother John Troughton, with whom he afterwards entered into partnership. After the death of John Troughton, Edward Troughton carried on business as a philosophical instrument maker alone until 1826, when he entered into partnership with William Simms, afterwards his successor in business. He was a fellow of the Royal Society, and of the Royal Astronomical Society, to whose Transactions he contributed some papers. He was the inventor of various improvements in astronomical instruments, and the maker of some of the largest and most accurate of those instruments for the principal observatories of Europe, such as the mural circle, transit instrument and zenith telescope of Greenwich, the transit instruments of Edinburgh and Cambridge, the equatorial instruments of Coimbra.—W. J. M. R.
TROUILLAS, Etiénne de Lombard, better known as l'Abbé Du, was born at Forcalquier in the beginning of the seventeenth century. He had been a jesuit in his youth, but he early withdrew from the society, and betook himself to Port-Royal-des-Champs. An accomplished theologian, and now a firm and conscientious adherent of the Jansenists, Trouillas took a considerable part in the controversies respecting divine grace and morality, which at that time raged so furiously in the Roman catholic church. His "Extrait des principales injures, faussetez, &c., du Jansénisme confondu, et du sermon du Pére Brisacier," was soon followed by his "Défenses de la Censure de M. l'Archevêque de Paris, contre le livre du Pétre Brisacier," 1652. The work entitled Saints Pére de l'Eglise vengez par euxinêmes des impostures du Sieur Marandé, was attributed to Trouillas by Du Pin and others; but there seems to be some doubt about the authorship. Trouillas was sent by Port-Royal to assist M. de Jansen when he became bishop of Digne, and is the supposed author of the Ordonnance et Instruction Pastorale, which that prelate directed against the Apologie des Casuistès du Pere Pirot, Jesuite. He died at Forcalquier about 1689.
TROWBRIDGE, Sir Thomas, a celebrated British admiral, was born in London, but at what precise date is unknown. He entered the naval service at an early age, was made a lieutenant under Admiral Sir Edward Hughes in 1780, and a commander and post-captain in 1782. He served with distinction in the East Indies, and on his homeward voyage in the Castor frigate was taken prisoner by the French. He and about fifty of his crew, however, were recaptured in the Sans Pareil, 80-gun ship, by Lord Howe in his famous victory of the 1st of June, 1794. His lordship gave the command of the captured vessel to Trowbridge, and he was shortly after appointed by the admirality to the Culloden, 74, which he commanded at the victory of the 14th of February, 1797, under Earl St. Vincent. The following year he was despatched with eight ships of the
