supernaturalist, equally removed from the extremes of naturalism and orthodoxy. He is the author of "De Hypsistariis," 1823; "Gregor von Nazianz," 1825; "Kritischer Versuch ueber den 2 Brief Petri," 1821; "Ueber die Sündlosigkeit Jesu," sixth edition, 1853; "Johann Wessel," 1834; "De Beryllo Bostreno," 1836; "Historisch oder Mythisch," 1838; "Ueber den Kultus des Genius," 1840; "Ueber die Gleichberechtigung der Confessionen," 1848; "Für die Zukunft der evang. Kirche des Deutschlands," 1846; "Ueber das Wesen des Christenthums," 1855, fourth edition; "Die Geltung der Majoritaten in der Kirche," 1850. The treatise on John Wessel was enlarged and published under the title of "Reformers before the Reformation," 2 vols., 1841-42. In 1828 he founded, along with Umbreit, the quarterly periodical Studien und Kritiken, an influential theological journal; of which he has been the principal editor since Umbreit's death.—S. D.
ULLOA, Alfonso de (Ticknor incorrectly calls him Alonzo), a literary Spaniard of the sixteenth century. The greatest part of his life was spent at Venice, and his principal employment seems to have consisted in making translations from the language of his native into that of his adopted country. He turned a great many excellent Spanish authors into excellent Italian, a language which (and herein we follow the judgment of Italian critics) he had come to write with almost perfect ease and purity. A pretty full list of these translations of Ulloa, which are both interesting and useful to students of the Spanish and Italian literatures, will be found in Moreri. According to Ticknor, Ulloa also published at Venice a considerable number of Spanish works, that is, in the original, with valuable prefaces by himself.—R. M., A.
ULLOA, Antonio de, a Spanish naval officer, traveller, man of science, and statesman, was born at Seville on the 12th of January, 1716, and died in the isle of Leon, on the 3d of July, 1795. He was the son of a naval officer, and was educated for his father's profession. He entered the navy in 1733. Having already become distinguished for his proficiency in science, he was appointed in 1735, along with Don Jorge Juan, to the conduct on the part of Spain of the famous geodetical expedition to Peru, of which Bouguer, La Condamine, and Godin were the conductors on the part of France (see these names). Juan and Ulloa acquitted themselves of their department of that duty with great zeal, skill, and success, although more than once interrupted by being sent on naval service against the British fleet. Ulloa while on his return in 1745 was captured by the British, and taken as a prisoner of war to England, where he was received with high distinction, elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and soon set at liberty. The astronomical and geodetical part of the account of the expedition was written by Juan (q.v.); the historical and physical part was written by Ulloa, and published in 1748. It contained a great mass of information of the highest value; and in particular the first published account of the metal platinum, so valuable to science and to the useful arts. Wood and Ulloa must be regarded as independent discoverers of that metal; for Wood's discovery was made in 1741, while Ulloa was in South America. After his return to Spain Ulloa was intrusted with various missions by his government, with a view to the improvement of the arts and manufactures of Spain; and in these pursuits his efforts were attended with great success. He held for some time the command of the Spanish West Indian fleet. In 1748 he was elected a member of the French Academy of Sciences. In 1766 he was appointed governor of Louisiana, but was driven away by a revolt of the colonists. During his stay in that part of America he made many interesting scientific observations, which are recorded in his "Noticias Americanas," published in 1772. He cultivated skilfully and successfully almost all the physical sciences, especially astronomy. In his private character he was highly respectable and amiable, but somewhat eccentric.—W. J. M. R.
ULLOA, Luis de, a Spanish poet, was born at Tauro, and flourished in the reign of Philip IV, The poems contained in the volume entitled "Obras de Don Luis de Ulloa, Prosas y Versos" were prepared for the press as early as 1653, but were not published till many years afterwards. Some of them are very beautiful and written in a pure style. Ulloa, however, like most of his contemporaries was greatly influenced by Gongora, and traces of the vicious manner introduced by that writer are very frequent in his works. The volume whose title is given above was published at Madrid by his son in 1674, and contains, among other pieces in prose, a defence of the theatre.—R. M., A.
ULLUG BEG, the enlightened grandson of Timour the Tartar, bequeathed to posterity a series of astronomical observations, which have considerable value as illustrations of the astronomy of the middle ages. He was born in the year 1394, being the son of Shah Rokh, in whose name he reigned as regent at Samarcand until 1447, when he succeeded his father on the throne. He became suspicious of his eldest son after having cast his horoscope, and preferred a younger brother to him. The prince revolted against his father, took him prisoner, and put him to death in 1447. Ullug Beg founded an observatory, and constructed, or caused to be constructed, astronomical tables which have always excited much interest among scientific men. They were written in Arabic, then translated into Persian, and subsequently into Latin by Dr. Greaves in 1652, and by Dr. Thomas Hyde in 1655. Of the latter a reprint by Dr. G. Sharpe appeared in 1767. See also Mems. Astron. Soc. xiii.—R. H.
ULPHILAS, the apostle of the Goths, was born in 313. More than fifty years before his birth his family, originally of Cappadocia, had been carried off captives by the Goths in one of their predatory incursions. They continued to profess Christianity and to cultivate Greek letters among their barbarous captors; hence Ulphilas was brought up a christian, and from his earliest years he joined a knowledge of Greek to that of Gothic. He was first a teacher among the West Goths, and in 343 he was ordained a bishop. Philostorgius, the Arian church historian, is in error in stating that Ulphilas was the first bishop of the Goths, for there was at least one earlier, Theophilus, who sat in the council of Nice in 325 under that title. It is not known with certainty by whom he was ordained bishop, but probably he obtained consecration at a council of Arian bishops which assembled at Philippopolis in Thrace, not far from the Danube, in 343. He would naturally prefer to receive consecration from their hands, as he solemnly declared near the close of his life that he had always been attached to the Arian confession. For the next seven years he laboured among the West Goths with so much success as to provoke Athanarich, their heathen ruler, to have recourse to a cruel persecution in order to arrest the progress of conversion. The persecution lasted so long, and was fatal to so many victims, that Ulphilas at last applied to the Emperor Constantius for leave to form a settlement within the bounds of the empire, and on obtaining permission he crossed the Danube, with a large body of christian Goths, into Mœsia, where they settled not far from Nicopolis at the foot of the Hæmus, and applied themselves to agricultural and pastoral pursuits. Here Ulphilas lived and laboured till his death in 383, not confining his efforts, however, to his own immediate flock, but still carrying on missions as far as practicable among the Gothic tribes beyond the limits of the empire. It was chiefly with a view to that work that he undertook his celebrated Gothic version of the scriptures. It dates about the year 370, and has always been regarded as an admirable monument, not only of christian zeal, but of consecrated genius. Ulphilas had to invent an alphabet for the language, and to settle its grammar, as well as to execute a translation; and the success of his arduous labours in this field is proved by the rapid extension of Christianity among the East Goths, the Vandals, and other tribes, which followed the execution of this great work. When the inroads of the Huns drove the West Goths across the Danube into Thrace in hundreds of thousands, Ulphilas found among them a new field of labour; and when the fresh settlers, not long after, rose in revolt against the Roman power, in consequence of the oppressions of the governors of the province, the venerable bishop interfered as a mediator between the revolters and the Emperor Valens. But his mediation was fruitless; a war ensued; Valens fell upon the field of Adrianople, and the victorious Goths pushed their advance to the very walls of Constantinople, where they obtained honourable terms of peace from Theodosius. Shortly before his death, Ulphilas was summoned to a council at Constantinople in 383, at which it was hoped that some new formula of doctrine might be adopted which would be accepted alike by the orthodox and the Arians. But this hope was disappointed, and it is said that Ulphilas sank under the mortification of finding himself stigmatized as a heretic, and the Arian cause ruined. He died at Constantinople, and was buried there in great honour. His work was continued by disciples of his own training, among whom was Auxentius, bishop of Dorostorus (Silistria), to whom we are indebted for an account of his life and doctrine.—P. L.
ULPIAN of Antioch, one of the sophists who flourished in
