nightingale, he adds so beautifully—"Lord, what music hast thou provided for the saints in heaven, when thou affordest bad men such music on earth!" The book will ever be a favourite with all "that love virtue and angling," as did its author, who was at peace with himself and all creation excepting otters.—J. E.
WALWORTH, Sir William, who slew Wat Tyler, belonged to the Fishmongers' Company, and was for the first time lord mayor of London in 1375, when he distinguished himself by an attempt to suppress or diminish usury. He was a second time lord mayor in 1381, when the insurrection of Wat Tyler broke out. He was with the king in West Smithfield on the 15th of June, 1381, when Richard XI. parleyed with the rebel. According to one account, while Wat Tyler was explaining his demands to his sovereign, he now and then lifted up his sword threateningly, until at last Walworth could forbear no longer, but with sword or mace struck him dead. As a reward the king knighted him, and bestowed on him ,£100 a year. In the year of this achievement Sir William Walworth founded a college in the old church of St. Michael's, Crooked Lane, and was buried there on his death in 1385.—F. E.
WANDELAINCOURT, Antoine Hubert, was born in 1731, at Rupt-en-Voivre, entered holy orders, and obtained the post of sub-director of the military school at Paris. In 1791 he took the oath required of ecclesiastics, and was chosen bishop of Châlons-sur-Marne. In 1791 he was elected deputy to the convention, and voted the banishment of Louis XVI. When the convention went in procession to Nôtre Dame to celebrate the feast of the goddess of Reason, Wandelaincourt left his colleagues at the door, thus silently protesting against the doctrines of the day. From the convention he passed to the council of elders, which he left in 1798, and appears to have been occupied in one of the great libraries of Paris. In 1801 he resigned his office as bishop, and accepted the cure of Montbar, which, however, he soon resigned, and lived in retirement. He died at Belleville, near Verdun, in 1819, He wrote "Cours de philosophic d'histoire naturelle, de morale;" "Histoire des arts;" "Cours d'education à l'usage les demoiselles," &c.; "Abrégé de l'histoire générale;" "Vues sur l'education d'un prince;" "Principes d'astronomie;" and several other elementary works.—F. M. W.
WANDESFORDE, Christopher, Viscount Castlecomer, an English statesman, son of Sir George Wandesforde, born at Bishop Burton, Yorkshire, in 1592. He was educated at Clare hall, Cambridge, where he became acquainted with Wentworth, afterwards earl of Strafford. After leaving the university he entered parliament, and was one of the eight chief managers in the impeachment of the duke of Buckingham. In 1636 he was made one of the lords justices of Ireland, and knighted. Soon after he sold his estate of Kildare, and purchased Castlecomer, where he founded a colliery and a cotton manufactory. In 1640 he was appointed lord deputy in the place of Lord Strafford, and gave such satisfaction to the king that he was created Baron Mowbray and Musters, and Viscount Castlecomer. He died December 3, 1640.—W. J. P.
WANG MANG, a Chinese usurper, was chief minister under the reign of Tching-ti, but on his death was dismissed from power. On the death of the next emperor, Wang Mang succeeded in regaining his position; a child nine years old was declared emperor, and speedily died (as was supposed) from poison. His successor, another child, shared the same fate, and at length Wang Mang openly seized upon the crown, A.D. 9. He reduced several rebellious provinces to obedience, but the cost of his expeditions was a source of discontent; he fell a victim to a popular insurrection, and was beheaded, A.D. 23.—F. M. W.
WAN KOULI, Mahommed Ibn Mustapha, a Turkish lexicographer who lived in the sixteenth century (it is not precisely known at what period). He translated into Turkish the Arabic dictionary of Djévhéry, under the title of Kitab al loghat (Turkish-Arabic dictionary), with the citations in Arabic. It was the first volume which issued from the press established at Constantinople in 1729, and was reprinted in 1757, and again in 1803.—F. M. W.
WANLEY, Humphrey, the librarian of Harley, earl of Oxford, was born in March, 1672, and was the son of the Rev. Nathaniel Wanley, the subject of the succeeding memoir. When he was seven Wanley lost his father. According to one account Wanley was "bred a limner;" according to Nichols, however, "what time he could spare from the trade of a draper, to which his father had put him, he employed in turning over old MSS. and copying the various hands, by which he acquired an uncommon facility of distinguishing their dates." He thus attracted the attention of his diocesan. Dr. Lloyd, then bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, who sent him to Edmund hall, Oxford. The principal of this hall was Dr. Mill, whom he assisted in the collations for Mill's well-known edition of the New Testament. He was then, as a transcriber and general literary drudge, taken into the service and house of Dr. Charlett, the master of University college, who procured for him the assistant-librarianship of the Bodleian, where he helped to complete the indexes to the catalogue of the MSS., and composed the Latin preface to it. Exchanging Oxford for London, he became secretary to the Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge, and explored the public and private repositories of the kingdom for Hickes, in search of Anglo-Saxon MSS., his catalogue of which, translated into Latin, is printed in Hickes' Thesaurus Linguarum Veterum Septentrionalium. He was afterwards appointed librarian to Harley, earl of Oxford, and not only arranged the Harleian books and MSS., but diligently and skilfully presided over the augmentation of the stores committed to his care. The zeal which he threw into his new duties, the watchful glance which he kept over all Europe for a chance of adding to the treasures of Harley's library, printed and MS., are amusingly and interestingly exhibited in his MS. diary, preserved among the Lansdoune MSS. in the British museum, and some curious extracts from which are printed in Nichols' Anecdotes. On the death of Harley he was retained as librarian by the second earl of Oxford, and filled the congenial post until his own death in July, 1726. In describing the Harleian MSS. he had reached before his death what is No. 2407 of the present printed catalogue, in the preface to which the merits of his contributions are duly acknowledged. With Bayford and another person, Wanley founded in 1707 the modern Society of Antiquaries. He was the author of the translation (1704) of Ostervald's Grounds and Principles of the Christian Religion.—F. E.
WANLEY, Nathaniel, father of the preceding, was born at Leicester in 1633, and was educated at Trinity college, Oxford. He took holy orders, and became successively minister of Beeby, Leicestershire, and of Trinity church, Coventry. He was the author of a tract published in 1658 entitled "Vox Dei, or self-reflection on a man's own ways," and "Wonders of the Little World." He died in 1680.—F.
WAN-LY, Emperor of China (1572-1620), the twelfth and virtually the last of the Ming dynasty, ascended the throne at the age of ten years, the government being carried on by the empress-mother and the ministers, at the head of whom was Tchang-kin-tching. The Mongolian tribes, who had been reduced in some measure to subjection by his father, began in the early part of his reign to make demands which the Chinese government refused to accede to. After the death of Tchang-kin-tching in 1582, the tribes afterwards known as the Manchows were consolidated into an independent nation. The unwise treatment of these tribes during the reign of Wan-ly was the proximate cause of the fall of the Ming dynasty twenty years after his death. While engaged in contests with the Manchows, Wan-ly had to contend with an insurrection in the province of Shen-si, and also to repel an invasion from Japan, which threatened the peninsula of the Corea, and to quell disturbances in various other provinces. In 1608 commenced the war with the Manchows, and from this time the Chinese frontier was never secure from invasion. When in 1616 Noukhatchi (or Thai-tsou), prince of the Manchows, assumed the title of emperor, he attacked the town of Fou-chour, where the fairs between the two nations were held, and gained a victory over the Chinese troops; but he offered to withdraw his army if seven grievances alleged in a letter to the emperor were redressed. All negotiation being refused, the Manchow sovereign invaded the Chinese empire, and with the aid of several Mongolian tribes made himself master of a considerable number of cities and fortresses. Wan-ly died of chagrin in 1620, and was succeeded by his son, who reigned only a month.—F. M. W.
WANSLEBEN, Johann Michael, a German traveller and scholar, was born at Erfurt in 1635, and studied philosophy and theology at Königsberg, after which he seems to have led an erratic life. In 1661 he visited London to superintend the printing of Ludolf's Lexicon Ethiopicum, and assisted Edmund Castell in compiling his Lexicon Heptaglottum. Some time afterwards he was commissioned by Duke Ernst of Gotha to
