visit the christians in Egypt. On his return in 1665 he embraced the Romish faith, and entered the Dominican order. In 1670 he was sent to Egypt a second time by Colbert, for the purpose of purchasing manuscripts and collecting information. He arrived at Damietta in March, 1671, visited the Coptic convents of the Delta, the Faïum, the deserts of St. Macarius and St. Anthony, and left Cairo for Constantinople in 1673. He was recalled to Paris in 1676, and called to account for the expenditure of moneys intrusted to him. Disappointed in the hope of obtaining an oriental professorship, he accepted the office of vicar in a village near Fontainebleau, where he died in 1679. His principal works are—"Index Latinus in Jobi Ludolfi Lexicon Æthiopico-Latinum; Appendix Æthiopico-Latina, Liturgia S. Dioscori, patriarchæ Alexandrini, Æthiop. et Lat.," London, 1661; "Conspectus Operum Æthiopicorum quæ ad excudendum parata habebat Wanslebius," Paris, 1671; "Relazione dello stato presente dell' Egitto," Paris, 1671; "Nouvelle Relation, en forme de Journal, d'une Voyage fait en Egypte ne 1672 et 1673," Paris, 1677 (an English translation appeared in 1678); "Histoire de l'Eglise d'Alexandrie fondée par St. Marc, que nous appellons celle des Jacobites Coptes d'Egypte, écrite au Caire même en 1672 et 1673," Paris, 1677. Some of his MSS. are said to be preserved in the ducal library at Weimar.—F. M. W.
* WAPPERS, Gustaf, Baron, an eminent Belgian painter, was born at Antwerp, on 23rd August, 1803. He was a pupil of M. Van Brée, and a student in the Antwerp Academy. He completed his studies at Paris. He made himself known by a picture of "The Devotion of the Burgomasters of Leyden," exhibited in 1830. He has since painted a large number of religious pictures, several of them for churches; historical, genre, and poetical subjects; and portraits of the king of the Belgians and other distinguished persons. His historical pictures refer chiefly to Belgian history, but he has painted two or three incidents in the life of Charles I., and some of other periods of English history. For the king of the French, Louis Philippe, he painted "The Defence of the Island of Rhodes by the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem," now at Versailles; and he has received one or two commissions from Queen Victoria. In his own country Wappers has obtained abundant honour. He is member of the several academies; was first professor, and from 1846 to 1853 director of the Academy of Antwerp; portrait painter to the king; knight of the order of Leopold; and finally, in 1847, he was created baron.—J. T—e.
WARBECK, Perkin, a Flemish youth, who at the instigation of Margaret duchess of Burgundy, was induced to personate Richard duke of York, the son of Edward IV., and to dispute with Henry VII. the throne of England. The conspiracy was managed in Burgundy, and the impostor, in 1493, visited the court of France, where he was received with royal honours. He then went to Ireland, where he found an influential adherent in the earl of Desmond. In 1496 he appeared with a small force near Deal; but receiving neither support nor encouragement he had recourse to James IV. of Scotland, who received him as a prince, gave him a wife in the person of a beautiful relative. Lady Catherine Gordon, and made an inroad into England, carrying Warbeck with him. In 1497 James and Henry made peace, and Warbeck quitted Scotland. He landed in Cornwall with about one hundred and twenty followers. Several malcontents joined his force, and he laid siege to Exeter. King Henry, however, hastened to meet him, and after a show of resistance Warbeck deserted his followers and fled to Beaulieu abbey, Hampshire. Lady Catherine fell into the hands of Henry, and was made a lady of waiting to the queen. Her husband surrendered after a while, was exposed in the stocks at Westminster hall, and made a public confession of his imposture. He was afterwards kept in the Tower, but plotting an escape with the earl of Warwick, he was executed in November, 1498.—R. H.
WARBURTON, Eliot, the author of the "Crescent and Cross," was the eldest son of the late Major Warburton of Aughrim, County Galway, inspector-general of constabulary in Ireland, was born in 1810, and received his later education at Cambridge. He was of delicate constitution, and for the benefit of his health made, in 1843, a tour to and in the East. After his return he mixed largely in London society, where he was a favourite, and contributed to the Dublin University Magazine, then edited by Mr. Charles Lever, some sketches of his oriental experiences, which were published as "Episodes of Eastern Travel." At Mr. Lever's suggestion he formed them into a book, "The Crescent and the Cross," which appeared in 1845, and which at once became very popular with a large class of readers, for which its predecessor, Mr. Kinglake's Eothen, was too flippant. He himself described it as the work of one who aspired to be "a churchman without bigotry, a scholar without pedantry." During the famine of 1846-47 he exerted himself generously to relieve the suffering tenantry of his Irish estates. His subsequent original works were—"Memoirs of Prince Rupert and the Cavaliers," 1849; "Reginald Hastings," 1850; and "Darien, or the Merchant Prince," 1852. On the 2nd of January, 1852, he embarked in the mail steam-packet Amazon on a voyage, it is said, of benevolence to the Indians who inhabit the isthmus of Darien, the scene, partly, of his latest fiction. The vessel had just entered the Bay of Biscay, on the 4th, when it took fire, and Mr. Warburton along with many others perished. He is said to have made collections both for a history of the Irish viceroys, and for a history of the poor. His "Life of Lord Peterborough" was published in 1853.—F. E.
WARBURTON, William, Bishop of Gloucester, was born at Newark, 24th of December, 1698. He was educated under a cousin of the same name, who was head master of the grammar-school of Newark; and being intended for the law, he was articled in 1714 to an eminent attorney in Nottinghamshire, with whom he continued till 1719. At the expiration of his clerkship he resolved to change his profession, and study for the church; but his studies were prosecuted privately, with the assistance of his cousin; he never went to the university. In 1723 he was ordained deacon by Archbishop Dawes of York, and in 1726-27 received priest's orders from Bishop Gibson of London. In the same year he was presented to the vicarage of Griesley in his native county by Sir Robert Sutton, to whom he had dedicated in 1723 a volume of miscellaneous translations in prose and verse from Roman authors. The same kind patron procured for him an M.A. degree of Cambridge in 1728, by having his name put upon the king's list of graduates upon occasion of his majesty's visit to the university. In the same year he was indebted to Sir Robert for the rectory of Brand-Broughton in the diocese of Lincoln, a preferment which, from its vicinity to Newark, was particularly acceptable to him, and where he continued to reside with his mother and sisters from 1728 to 1746. It was here that he accumulated, by indefatigable study and research, the materials of the great works upon which his reputation is built. He had published in 1727 "A Critical and Philosophical Inquiry into the Causes of Prodigies and Miracles as related by Historians, with an essay towards restoring a method and purity in history, in which the characters of the most celebrated writers of every age and of the several stages and periods of history are occasionally criticised and explained," an early work which revealed the boldness and ambition of his genius, and afforded a foretaste of its manly vigour. But he suffered nearly ten years to elapse before he came forth from his study at Brand-Broughton with any of the maturer fruits of his powerful intellect and immense erudition. The first of these was a work on the Alliance between church and state, which appeared in 1736, and immediately attracted much attention. Towards the close of this piece he announced as in preparation "The Divine Legation of Moses," the first volume of which appeared in 1738. A Vindication of it followed in less than two months, a proof how much it had been already read, and how loudly its peculiar theory had been condemned. That theory was indeed a paradox, and its author well deserved to be described by one of his critics as "a fantastic but powerful speculator." To undertake to prove that the Pentateuch was a divine revelation because it was silent on the doctrine of a future state, and to lay all ancient and modern erudition under tribute to confirm the paradox, was indeed, as the same critic happily expressed it, an instance of "his glorious extravagance, which dazzles while it is unable to convince." In 1738 he was made chaplain to the prince of Wales, and in 1739 he published a short series of letters in defence of Pope's Essay on Man, against Mons. De Crousaz, who had accused that famous production of Spinozism. These letters were admired by none so much as by Pope himself, and led to a close intimacy between the poet and the divine. In this intercourse Warburton acquired a great influence over Pope. Among other friends to whom the poet introduced him was Mr. Allen of Prior Park, near Bath, to whose niece Warburton was married in 1745. From that time Prior Park became his principal residence, and upon Allen's
