his "Lives of celebrated Spaniards," the remaining volumes of which were not published until 1830-34. In 1807-8 he published a selection from the best Spanish poets, prefaced by an admirable history of Castilian poetry. This year, however, turned his activity into far different channels. He drew up the proclamations and manifestoes of the insurrectionary juntas; and his periodical, the Semanario Patriotico, was the bold advocate of constitutional liberty. On the return of Ferdinand, in 1813, Quintana expiated the crime of having been faithful to his cause by a severe imprisonment, lasting six years, and was only released by the insurrection of Riego in 1820. He was then advanced to various posts of honour, and among them to that of president of the department of public instruction. But a change seems to have come over his conduct, as the result of his imprisonment. His patriotism was now so far from being inconveniently ripe, that when the second French invasion took place, he was allowed to retire quietly to his native province of Estremadura. Here he composed some letters to Lord Holland, descriptive of the melancholy state of the country. The most questionable act of his public life was his purchasing permission to return to Madrid, by writing an ode on the marriage of Ferdinand with Maria Christina. He was restored to his old office, and made a peer and a senator; and was intrusted by Espartero in 1840 with the education of the young queen. An honour almost unique was conferred on him, March 25, 1855. He was publicly crowned by the queen in the cortes, at a meeting specially convened for the purpose. Quintana died 11th March, 1857, aged eighty-four. His works are included in the collection of Ribadeneyra; the prose part consists chiefly of his "Lives of celebrated Spaniards"—a work less popular in Spain than abroad, owing to the strict justice he has meted out to the misdeeds of the early Spanish discoverers.—F. M. W.
QUINTINE, Jean de la, a celebrated horticulturist, was born at Chabanais, near Poictiers, in 1626, and died in 1688. He was educated for the bar in a Jesuit establishment, and became an advocate. He did not, however, long practise as a pleader, but devoted his attention in a very marked degree to horticulture. He visited Italy as tutor to a son of the president of the chamber of finance, and took the opportunity of prosecuting his favourite study. By his published remarks on the pruning of fruit trees and transplanting, as well as by his work entitled "Parfait Jardinier, ou Jardins Fruitiers et Potagers," he acquired eminence, and was invited to England by Charles II. He paid visits to Britain, but did not accept any engagement. At the request of Evelyn he wrote a paper on the culture of melons, which was printed in the Philosophical Transactions. He became director of the fruit and kitchen gardens at Versailles and other royal palaces under Louis XIV., and was a favourite of the prince of Condé.—J. H. B.
QUINTUS CALABAR, so called from the first copy of his works having been found in Calabria, and also Smyrnæus from the place of his abode, was a Greek poet, belonging probably to the fourth century. Nothing is known of his life. It has been inferred from a passage in his poem that he tried poetry in his youth, while he was tending sheep near Smyrna. He wrote the "Paralipomena Homeri," or Posthomerica, an epic poem in fourteen books, in which the history of the Trojan war is continued from the fall of Hector to the return of the Greeks. It is an imitation and continuation of Homer's epic, but falls immensely short of the original in spirit, simplicity, ease, and all the marks characteristic of genius. For the materials Quintus seems to have been indebted to earlier poets, especially Arctinus and Lesches. In point of chronology, it is more like a diary than a poem. The author had no imagination or inventive genius, and was evidently a mere imitator. The best edition of the work is that of Köchly, Leipsic, 1853.—S. D.
QUINTUS CURTIUS, Rufus, a Roman historian, of whose life nothing certain is known. The very time at which he lived is obscure. Suetonius, in his work, "De Claris Rhetoribus," mentions a rhetorician, Q. Curtius Rufus, whom many critics identify with the historian; and as no serious difficulty presents itself to that opinion, it may be accepted as probable. Quintilian, however, does not mention him; but that he was still alive when the critic wrote has been thought to account for the silence. The internal testimony, furnished by Curtius' history, is as meagre and unsatisfactory respecting the author's personal history or age, as the external. One passage, bearing a little on this point, has been much canvassed, where the writer speaks in praise of the emperor for having restored peace and order, after much bloodshed and dissension (x. 9). What emperor is meant, however, is a point which cannot be determined satisfactorily, since the description will suit several. Perhaps Curtius lived in the time of Vespasian, though Niebuhr places him under Septimius Severus. No valid proof of age can be derived from his style and diction. The work by which he is known is a history of Alexander the Great, whom he evidently regarded with feelings of high admiration. It consisted at first of ten books, of which only eight remain, and these incomplete. The want of the first two has been supplied by the abstracts of Bruno, Cellarius, and Freinsheim. It is unfortunate that all the MSS. known as yet, are transcripts of one. Their text, notwithstanding, varies considerably. To restore the original text is no easy task, as it has been subjected to many interpolations and corruptions. The merits of the work are considerable. The materials used by the author were reliable, and his manner of writing is clear. But his judgment was not uniformly good, and his power of analysis was small. He could not sift his materials and separate the worthless from the valuable. His own knowledge was neither comprehensive nor accurate. He was not well acquainted, for example, with geography and astronomy. His style is an excellent imitation of Livy's, with some artificiality and poetical ornament which mar its purity. The best edition is that of Mützell, 1843, Berlin.—(See Buttmann, Ueber das Leben des Geschichtschreibers Q. Curtius Rufus, U.S.W., 1820, Berlin.)—S. D.
QUIRINI or QUERINI, Angelo Maria, Cardinal and author, born in Venice of a noble family, 30th March, 1680; died at his episcopal palace of Brescia, 1755 or 1756. Educated by the Jesuits in the Brescian college of nobles, at the age of seventeen he embraced the monastic state; made under eminent instructors marked progress in Greek and Hebrew letters, and other branches of erudition; and completed his course of culture by travelling four years in Germany, Holland, England, and France, during which period he associated with many prominent men of those countries, such as Basnage, Newton, Bentley, Thomas Burnet, Papebroch, Fénélon, &c. In 1721 Quirini was called to the archbishopric of Corfu; some years later was translated to the see of Brescia, elevated to the cardinalate, and appointed librarian to the Vatican. His literary pursuits, though dear to his heart and industriously carried on, did not usurp the place of higher christian duties. He showed himself the munificent benefactor of his diocese, the father of his poor, the unwearied pastor of his flock. Zealous in controversy without bitterness, and honoured even by his dogmatic opponents, he received not only thanks for his worthiness from Pope Benedict XIII., but praise from Frederick of Prussia, and a dedication from Voltaire. The cathedral and library of Brescia, a clerical college, and a house of female education, attest his episcopal merit; and the churches of S. Marco in Rome, S. Carlo in Milan, and others, bear witness to his devout liberality. Pure in life, generous of heart, a stranger to personal luxury, he constituted the poor heirs of his savings, and was honoured in death by genuine mourning. Many works remain from his pen; amongst them "De Mosaicæ Historiæ Præstantiâ;" "Commentarii de Rebus ad se pertinentibus;" "Vetus Officium Quadragesimale Græciæ Orthodoxæ;" "Specimen Brixianæ Literaturæ;" and "Pauli II. Vita."—C. G. R.
QUISTORP, Johann, the first distinguished member of a family which produced many learned men, was born at Rostock in 1584, and studied at Rostock, Berlin, and Frankfort-on-the-Oder. He travelled as tutor to a young nobleman, and in 1614 received an appointment as professor of divinity at Rostock. He also had various other preferments. He attended Grotius during his last illness, and wrote an account of it. Quistorp was a laborious and painstaking student, and a pious man; but he wrote too much; the merits of his works are therefore unequal. Among them we may mention his annotations upon the whole Bible; separate commentaries upon St. Paul's epistles; an "Introduction to the study of theology;" "Articuli Formulæ Concordiæ illustrati;" sermons, &c. He is noticed by Tholuck in Lebenszeugen der Lutherischen Kirche. He died in 1648.—B. H C.
