lution of 1848 he was for a time military governor of Vienna, but the agitation in Bohemia required his presence at Prague. In the outbreak of the 2nd June in that city, the prince's wife and son were killed, and he himself narrowly escaped hanging. Ultimately the insurrection was suppressed by military force. In the month of October Windischgraetz, at the head of all the troops he could collect, marched against Vienna, which was in the hands of the revolutionists. After a severe conflict of four days he remained master of the capital, in which the house of Hapsburg was once more enthroned. In conducting the campaign against the Hungarians in the following year he exhibited an unaccountable hesitation, of which Dembinski took advantage. In April, 1849, he was recalled, and retired to his estates in Bohemia. In 1851 he published in German an account of the winter campaign in Hungary of 1848-49. He died in 1861.—R. H.
WING, Vincent, an English mathematician and astronomer, flourished about the middle of the seventeenth century. He wrote two treatises on mathematical astronomy, one entitled "Harmonicon Cæleste," 1651; the other, "Astronomia Britannica," 1669, in which he availed himself of Kepler's discovery of the elliptic form of the planetary orbits; but, instead of the true law of the description of equal areas in equal times, he followed Seth Ward's approximate theory of the description of equal angles in equal times about the upper focus of the orbit.—W. J. M. R.
WINGATE, Edmund, an English lawyer and mathematician, was born in Yorkshire in 1593, and died in December, 1656. He was a younger son of Roger Wingate, a gentleman of landed property. In 1610 he entered Queen's college, Oxford. After taking his degree, he studied law at Gray's inn. In 1624 he paid a visit to France, where he taught English to the Princess Henrietta Maria (afterwards consort of Charles I.) and the ladies of her suite. About this time he published some mathematical works in French, and in 1630 a treatise on arithmetic in English, which was in high repute in its day. Having inherited an estate in Bedfordshire, he became a justice of the peace and recorder of Bedford. In 1650 he was elected member of parliament for the county of Bedford, and afterwards acted for some time as a parliamentary commissioner for ejecting episcopal and royalist clergy and schoolmasters.—W. J. M. R.
WINKELRIED, Arnold von, a Swiss of the canton of Unterwalden, lives in history by his heroic devotion at the battle of Sempach, fought by thirteen hundred Switzers against four times the number of Austrians, under their duke, Leopold. The serried Austrian phalanx of spearsmen seemed impenetrable, when Winkelried, exclaiming, "Comrades, I will make a lane for you!" gathered a sheaf of Austrian spears and forced them into his own breast. The lane was made, the Switzers forced their way into it, and gained a decisive victory.—F. E.
WINRAM, John, a prominent Scottish ecclesiastic, was descended from the family of Winram of Ratho in Fife. He is supposed to have entered St. Leonard's college, St. Andrews, in 1513, and two years later he took there the degree of B.A. No further notice of him can be found until 1532, when he appears as one of the rector's assessors, and a canon regular of the Augustinian monastery of St. Andrews, in which he was third prior in 1534 and sub-prior in 1536. The office of prior was at that time held by Lord James Stewart, afterwards Regent Moray, who was then a minor, so that the government of the abbey mainly devolved on the sub-prior. Although he held such a prominent position in the Romish church, Winram was secretly favourable to the doctrines of the reformers, and cautiously recommended them to the monks and novitiates. At the trial of George Wishart he opened the proceedings in a sermon on the parable of the tares and the wheat, taking care, however, not to commit himself. He disputed with Knox at a convention of the friars and learned men of the abbey, but soon retired from the contest, which he devolved on one of the friars. He attended the provincial councils of the Scottish clergy held in 1549 and 1559, was present at the trial and condemnation of Walter Mill the martyr, and continued to act with his brethren until the overthrow of the Romish church. As prior of Portmoak he attended the parliament of August, 1560, which ratified the Protestant Confession of Faith and the First Book of Discipline, in the compiling of which he had taken a part. The first general assembly, held in the December following, declared him fit to minister the word and sacrament; and in April, 1561, he was elected ecclesiastical superintendent of Fife, Fothrie, and Strathern. He continued throughout the remainder of his life to take an active part in the affairs both of church and state, and was frequently employed in reconciling party and private disputes. He attended the convention at Leith called by Regent Morton (January, 1572), at which tulchan bishops were authorized; and in the following month was employed as superintendent of Fife to inaugurate John Douglas as archbishop of St. Andrews. He died in September, 1582. Winram appears to have been somewhat of a time-server, and his adherence to the reformed faith after the overthrow of the Romish church in Scotland was strongly suspected of proceeding from interested motives. He is supposed to have been the author of the catechism commonly called Archbishop Hamilton's.—J. T.
* WINSLOW, Forbes, M.D., a physician eminent as a practitioner and a writer on the subject of mental disease. Dr. Winslow became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1835. In 1849 he graduated M.D. at King's college, Aberdeen, and in the following year was admitted a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh. In 1859 he was admitted of the Royal College of Physicians of London. The university of Oxford has conferred on him the honorary degree of D.C.L. In 1853 he was chosen president of the Medical Society of London, and he has also filled the office of president of the association of Medical Officers of Hospitals and Asylums for the Insane. In the early part of his career Dr. Winslow wrote on several subjects unconnected with the branch of medical science in which he has earned so honourable a position. One of his earliest works was "On the Nature, Symptoms, and Treatment of Cholera, by Medicus," 8vo, London, 1831. In 1837 and 1838 he published a series of small manuals for the use of medical and surgical students preparing for examination, and in 1839 a work entitled "Physic and Physicians," in two volumes. The latter appeared anonymously. It contains some admirable biographical sketches of the eminent practitioners of the eighteenth and present centuries. Dr. Winslow's works on insanity are very numerous. The earliest was a treatise "On Phrenology in Relation to Mental Disease." In 1840 appeared the "Anatomy of Suicide," in which he endeavours to establish a relation between suicidal impulse and morbid conditions of the brain and abdominal organs. This was followed in 1846 by a work on the "Incubation of Insanity," and in 1849 by an essay "On Cholera considered Psychologically." In 1854 he published his Lettsomian Lectures on Insanity, delivered before the Medical Society of London, and in 1860 a work "On Obscure Diseases of the Brain and Disorders of the Mind," which has since passed through a second edition. He has also written treatises entitled "On the Health of Body and Mind," and "On the Plea of Insanity in Criminal Cases," and has published an annotated edition of the act for the better regulation and care of the insane. The leading principle which is asserted in Dr. Winslow's writings is the somatic origin of psychical malady; in other words, that mental disease cannot exist without a physical cause. In addition to his other labours Dr. Winslow has established and edits a quarterly journal of psychological medicine. He is besides the superintendent of the Sussex House asylum, Hammersmith.—F. C. W.
WINSLOW, James Benignus, a celebrated anatomist, was born at Odensée in the island of Funen in Denmark, on the 2nd of April, 1669. His father was a Lutheran minister, and intended his son for the same profession. He, however, chose that of medicine, and, having made some progress in professional knowledge, obtained from the king of Denmark a pension to enable him to pursue his studies in foreign schools. In 1697 he arrived in Holland, and in the following year went to Paris. Here he studied anatomy under Duverney, and was converted to the Roman catholic creed by the writings and arguments of Bossuet. He publicly recanted, and was received into the Roman catholic church by the bishop of Meaux, 8th October, 1699. It has been said that Winslow was led by interested motives to adopt this step; but of this there is no evidence. The same arguments and eloquence had wrought the same change in the creed of the anatomist Stenonius, who was great-uncle to Winslow, and who died a bishop of the Roman church. In 1705 Winslow was admitted to the doctor's degree by the Faculty of Medicine at Paris, and in 1707 he became a member of the Academy of Sciences. He assisted Duverney in his lectures at the Jardin du roi, and after the death of that anatomist, and of his successor Hunault in 1743, Winslow's reputation obtained for him the chair of anatomy and physiology. He died on 3rd April,
