tory and fluctuating causes. If his opinion had been correct,
these parties would have disappeared with the supposed
causes. But being in truth produced by the mass of property transferred by funding, banking and patronage, creating (to borrow Mr. Hume's phrase) an aristocracy of interest, they yet exist, because these laws divided the nation
into a minority enriched, and a majority furnishing the
riches; and two parties, seekers and defenders of wealth,
are an unavoidable consequence. All parties, however loyal to principles at first, degenerate into aristocracies of interest at last; and unless a nation is capable of discerning
the point where integrity ends and fraud begins, popular
parties are among the surest modes of introducing an aristocracy. The policy of protecting duties to force manufacturing, is of the same nature, and will produce the same
consequences as that of enriching a noble interest, a church
interest, or a paper interest; because bounties to capital are
taxes upon industry, and a distribution of property by law.
And it is the worst mode of encouraging aristocracy, because, to the evil of distributing wealth at home by law, is
to be added the national loss arising from foreign retaliation
upon our own exports. An exclusion by us of foreign articles of commerce, will beget an exclusion by foreigners of
our articles of commerce, or at least corresponding duties;
and the wealth of the majority will be as certainly diminished to enrich capital, as if it should be obliged to export a
million of guineas to bring back a million of dollars, or to
bestow a portion of its guineas upon this separate interest.
As a separate or aristocratical interest, is the cause of party in countries where avarice or reason prevails over superstition and fanaticism, it follows, that instead of party spirit being natural to free governments, it is only natural to those, where aristocracies or parties of interest are artificially created and combined by law; and that by uncreating these causes, such aristocracies and parties naturally die. Ambition itself, in the present state of manners, despairs of gratification, except
