These he collected with great patience and industry
and
Baeck, Samuel Baer, Herman
THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA
429
in 1871, after fifteen years of incessant labor,
published his work, "Ba'al Tefillah, oder der Practische Vorbeter " an almost complete collection of Jewish traditional melodies, of which a second revised and enlarged edition (358 pp. folio) appeared in 1883. The work contains fifteen hundred and five melodies, in German, Polish, and Portuguese (Sephai'die) versions, and is divided into four parts (1) for the services on week-days (2) for Sabbath (3) for the three festivals Pesah, Shabu'ot, and Sukkot; (4) for the two great holidays, Rosh ha-Shanah and Yoni ha-Kippurim together with an appendix containing notes on the liturgy, the reading of the Torah, and directions and formulas for writing betrothal and marriage contracts. The collection is more complete in German and Polish melodies than in Portuguese. Occasionally a fourth version is appended, called by the compiler "Neue Weise," but this seems to be his own composition or that of other modern cantors. The collection is of great value both to the student and the practical cantor. The latter can find therein all traditional tunes of the synagogue most of which were theretofore to be acquired orally from
—
—
older hazanim alone. Many of the more familiar melodies had been collected and published before
Baer by Sulzerand Weintraub; and melody No. 714, p. 160, is found even in a work published in the eighteenth century by Benedetto Marcello, called "Estro Poetico Armenico," in which it appears under the head of "Intonazione degli Ebrei Spagnuoli." A. Kai.
s.
BAER (ABRAHAM), ADOLF:
German phy-
and medico-forensic author; born
in the prov-
ince of Posen, Prussia, Dec. 26, 1834 educated at the Prom universities of Vienna, Prague, and Berlin. the last-named institution he received his degree of doctor of medicine in 1861. Baer engaged in prac;
a physician in Naugard, province of Pomein the following year, and in 1866 became physician of the prison there. In 1872 he was appointed chief physician of the prison at Plotzensee, near Berlin, and in 1879 was elected physician to the board of health, with the title "Geheimer Sanitatsrath." In the course of his prison duties Baer noticed the alarming connection between alcohol and crime, and in consequence turned his attention to the prevention of the use of intoxicants, contributing many articles on this subject to the tise as
rania, Prussia,
medical and other journals.
Among Baer's many essays and books may be mentioned the following " Die Gefangnisse, Strafanstalten, unci Strafsysteme, Ihre Einrichtung und Wirkung in Hygienischer Beziehung," Berlin, 1871 "Der Alkoholismus, Seine Verbreitung und Wirkung auf den Individuellen und Sozialen Organismus, Sowie die Mittel Urn zu Bekiimpfen," Ber"Gcfangniss-Hygiene," in Pettenkofer lin, 1878; and Ziemssen's "Handbuch der Hygiene," Munich, 1882; "Der Alkoholmissbrauch." in " Vierteljahres
schrift fur Oeffentliche Gesundheits-Pflege," 1882, "Ueber das Vorkommen von Phthisis in vol. xiv. den Gefangnissen," in "Zeitschrift ftir Klinische
"Gesetzliche Maassregeln zur Medizin," 1883, vi. BekSmpfung der Trunksucht," in "Preussische
Bibliography idem,
Hirscb, Bingraphisches Lexilton,
s.v.;
Paget,
s.v.
sician
Jahrbucher," 1884, lvi. "Morbiditat und Mortalitat in den Gefangnissen," in Holtzendorf and Von Jagemann's "Handbuch des Gefangnisswesens," Hamburg, 1888; "Die Trunksucht und Ihre Abwehr," Vienna, 1890 " Die Verbrecher in Anthropologischer Beziehung," June, 1897. Baer is also a contributor to Eulenburg's "Realencyclopadie der Gesammten Heilkunde."
F. T. H.
s.
BAER, ASHER
Russian mathematician and engraver; born at Seiny, government of Suwalk, in the first quarter of the nineteenth century died at Jerusalem in 1897. He made many important discoveries in mathematics and especially in mechanics, the detailed accounts of which are given in the " Konigsbcrger Zeitung," supplement to No. 211, Among others he discovered a Sept. 11, 1859.
method by which the same force causes two different movements of two equal cog-wheels to dovetail with each other {ib. No. 8, Jan. 11, 1856). His engravings were awarded a prize at the Konigsberg Exhibition of 1858 ("Journal of the Politechnische Gesellschaft zu Konigsberg," Oct. 9, 1858, p. 41). The German press of that time devoted many articles to Baer's valuable inventions, and Ossip Rabbinovich and O. Wohl in the Russo-Jewish periodicals " Razsvyet " and " Ha-Karmel " (Russian supplement to "Ha-Karmel," 1860, No. 37, "Wilenski Vyestnik," In the later 1861, No. 19) spoke highly of his talent. part of the sixties Baer went to Jerusalem, whence he wi'ote correspondence for many years for the " HaH. R. Maggid " and other Hebrew periodicals.
SAMUEL:
DOB
Polish Hasidic B. BAER, He is writer of the end of the eighteenth century. the author of " Shibhei ha-BESHT " (Praises of Israel Ba'al Shem-Tob), which his son Judah Loeb pubThe book, which is lished after his death, in 1815. a collection of the legends current in Hasidic circles anent the founder of Hasidism, is also of great hisBaer, being a son-in-law of the Alextorical value. ander who was for several years a secretary of Besht, received from his father-in-law valuable information on the origin of IJasidism, and on the founder of the sect hence his book is almost the only source of authentic information on those sub;
The book exists in two different versions, one being the Kopys edition (1815), and the other being that of Berditschew of the same year in the latter many legends are omitted which are found in the former, especially those that might give offense on account of their extraordinary nature. Later editions, of which there are perhaps twelve, follow either of these editions, and some are combinations jects.
of the two.
Bibliography P 8T
A. Kahana,
R. Yixrad Ba'al Shem-Tob,
1900,
-
K
HERMAN:
American author; born of BAER, Jewish parents at Herxheim, Germany, Jan. 29, 1830;
died at Charleston,
S.
C,
Jan.
2,
1901.
He
emigrated to America when a lad of seventeen, and settled in Charleston, where he obtained employment as compositor and proof-reader in the office of
