| ڠ | ngâ | ng |
| ف | fâ | f |
| ڤ | pâ | p |
| ق | ḳâf | ḳ[1] |
| ک | kaf | k |
| ݢ | gâ | g hard |
| ل | lam | l |
| م | mim | m |
| ن | nun | n |
| و | wau | w |
| ه | hâ | h |
| ي | yâ | y |
| ڽ | nia | ni, ny, nia, nya |
Some of the foregoing letters represent sounds which do not belong to the native Malay language, but which are found only in words taken from Arabic. Uneducated Malays make little attempt to pronounce them, but every boy who learns to read the Kur'an has to do so and the present tendency of the language is to borrow more and more from the Arabs.
f is almost always turned by Malays into a p: e.g. pikir for fikir.
k and ḳ are generally pronounced alike by Malays and kh is not always distinguished from them.
ص س ث are all pronounced alike, as s, by the Malays.
In the same way little or no distinction is made in pronuncia- tion between t and ṭ. The letters denoted by ḍ and ẓ are generally mispronounced by Malays, who sometimes render them by l sometimes, as do Muhammadans in Persia and India, by z.
Spelling of Arabic Words.
Certain rules remain to be noticed which should be observed in transliterating Arabic words in Malay literature.
Al (el-) is assimilated before the solar letters, which are:—
- ل ظ ط ض ص ش س ز ر ذ د ث ت and ن.
- ↑ is a guttural k. This and the five preceding notes are taken from Faris-El-Shidiae's Arabic Grammar.
