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PHILOSOPHICAL PERIODICALS. 129 of social forces . . . both moments in the opposition are in reality positives, and from the abstract quantitative point of view, either of them may be looked upon as positive or negative, in internal opposition . . . the positive is always an organised system of volitional tendencies, in opposition to which the negative is . . . a group of scattered particulars."] H. N. Gardiner. ' Proceedings of the First Meeting of the American Philosophical Association, Columbia University, New York, 3lst March and 1st April, 1902.' Discussion. I. King. ' Prof. Fullerton's Doctrine of Space.' [The Berkeleyan doctrine does^not recognise or admit a real space such as Fullerton sets up over against perceptual space ; the division is made only to escape absurdities in the Berkeleyan view. Nor are the two varieties of space necessary or permissible in any con- sistent theory. Kant meant by space the form, or law, of intuiting, as well as the product, or intuited space. It is the former element of which Kant thinks when he says that space is represented as an infinite given quantity. He may be wrong in using the term representation : but what he says must be interpreted in the light of his general standpoint, and not as if it were the teaching of a realist.] Reviews of Books. Sum- maries of Articles. Notices of New Books. Notes. R. C. Robbins. 'Prof. Royce's Refutation of Idealism.' [Critique of Montague's paper in the January number.] PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW. Vol. ix., No. 3. J. Dewey. 'Interpreta- tion of Savage Mind.' [Comparison as currently employed is defective in three ways. It is used indiscriminately and arbitrarily ; the haphazard selection yields only static facts ; and the results reached, even if accu- rate, are loose aggregates of unrelated traits, not a coherent scheme of mind. We must look at the savage positively, not negatively, as a system of lacks and absences of capability. And we may best classify by occu- pation. Take, e.g., the hunting life of the Australians. Here " want, effort, skill and satisfaction stand in the closest relations to one another ; . . . immediacy of interest, attention and deed is the essential trait of the nomad hunter. . . . The hunting life is of necessity one of great emo- tional interest, and of adequate demand for acquiring and using highly specialised skills of sense, movement, ingenuity, strategy and combat." This mental pattern is carried over into all the relations of life, and becomes emotionally an assimilating medium : witness art, religious observances, practices in death and sickness, marriage customs. It is upon such a ground-pattern, then, that further genetic psychology must build.] Cr. S. Fullerton. ' The Atomic Self.' [The plain man is usually ready to maintain (1) that the mind exists within the body ; (2) that it acts upon matter, and is acted on by matter ; (3) that it is a substance with attributes ; and (4) that it is non-extended and immaterial. The first three propositions look on mind after the analogy of a material atom ; this view of mind is a semi-materialistic survival of ancient materialism. The fourth proposition, which makes the plain man's belief inconsistent, embodies the scholastic revolt against materialism. If stress is laid upon this fourth proposition the positive content furnished by the first three appears to be blotted out.] S. de Sanctis and TJ. Neyroz. ' Experi- mental Investigations Concerning the Depth of Sleep.' [Record of experiments upon normal sleepers and psychopaths, by aid of a modified Griesbach aesthesiometer ; determination of subconscious reaction and of waking point. The maximal depth of sleep occurs in the first half of the -second hour. The curve follows in general a descending course, but exhibits marked oscillations, with a maximum and minimum for each hour of sleep. There are, however, individual variations.] Discussions and Reports. H. H. Schroeder. ' Posthypnotic Suggestion and Determin- 9