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278 PHILOSOPHICAL PERIODICALS. variable has little effect upon the quantitative results ; it merely gives a feeling of security to the observer : a long time interval gives irregular quantitative results, owing largely to its destructive effect upon the image : distraction renders the identification of the standard and the apprehension of the position of the variable unusually difficult ; complete distraction means attention to the variable and reaction without reference to an image : practice lessens the m. v., and unifies the course of the reaction consciousness for each observer, while accentuating individual differences : observers who excelled in the discrimination of discrete tones without the use of auditory imagery find the reaction to auditory equality best accomplished by keen attention to the standard and the use of an auditory image as basis of reaction. Miscellaneous tests : tracings of respiration, drawings of movement of variable tone, recognition-times in immediate judgments. The nature and course of the image : the memory image of a tone is not a tonal memory image, but that and much more ; temporal course of the auditory image proper ; tendency to flat, and its correction ; effect of practice on serviceableness of image ; habit of imag- ing and its relation to distractors. The structure of the judgment consciousness : auditory image unnecessary to judgment, whether of difference or of equality ; it may be present and yet not mediate com- parison ; it may be an essential component of the judgment conscious- ness; analysis of imageless judgments.] I. M. Bentley. ' The Psychology of Mental Arrangement.' [Critical study of the work of Mach, Ehrenfels r Meinong, Cornelius, Witasek, Schumann, Lipps, Stout. The discussion shows (1) that one cannot draw a hard and fast distinction between sense and intellect, received content and mental creation, and (2) that "a com- plete descriptive account of a mental complex demands more than an enumeration of its constituent elements taken as isolated units ". The author rejects the principle of consolidation. " The two concepts to conjure with are the concepts of analysis and attention." " The essential nature of a complex is determined, not by a funded or formal factor, but by the character of the elements themselves, the connexions into which they fall, and the state of attention in which the complex is given."] J. W. Slaughter. 'The Moon in Childhood and Folklore.' [Study based on questionary material collected by G. S. Hall. Substance, distance, etc. ; connexion with weather ; the man in the moon ; the moon and morals ; place of departed ; effect of phases ; moon worship ; emotional reactions ; the moon of science.] Literature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ETHICS. Vol. xiii., No. 1. W. L. Cook, ' Criticism of Public Men.' [Criticism improves the characters of statesmen by bringing the public standard of morality to the same pitch as that of private life.] A. Fouillee. ' The Ethics of Nietzsche and Guyau.' [A comparison and criticism.] W. D. Morrison. ' The Professional Criminal in England.' [A criticism of recent articles by Sir R. Anderson, with a plea for mild treatment of criminals.] R. B. Perry. ' The Practical Consciousness of Freedom.' [A vindication of free-will based on the practical conceptions of duty and responsibility. Belief in the reality of freedom involves belief in the reality of temporal change.] A. E. Taylor. ' Mind in Nature.' [An argument for the universal presence in the natural world of a conscious element which is not indifferent to man's ethical interests, as opposed to the mechanical view of exact science.] Ida M. Metcalf. ' The Pampered Children of the Poor.' [Strictures upon the methods and general spirit prevalent in the elementary education system of the United States.] Book Reviews.