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FB. PAULHAN, Esprits Logiques et Esprits Faux. 95 they have been arrested. To complete in outline M. Paulhan's leading psychological conceptions, as presented in his previous works, we must observe that he distinguishes three other laws of association, the laws of contrast, resemblance and contiguity ; and that when the tendencies which these laws express are not held in check and subordinated to systematic association, the decay of character or of intellect is presented in the degree in which these tendencies have regained their independence. Thus we watch the gradual dissolution of systematic association : in the character, the tendencies are no longer connected by reference to any single end or by the harmonious co-operation of several ; in the intellect, the ideas are not logically connected, but controlled by loose analogies and irrelevant conjunctions in space and time. It would take us too far from our immediate object to criticise our author's conception of association and of its subdivision into these five laws : but whether we hold that they are the diverse expression of one or two fundamental principles, I think the reader will agree that M. Paulhan is justified for his purpose in em- phasising their distinctions. It is obvious that the idea of an end is not present in all mental states, and that, even when it is present, it may not be sufficiently strong to control the stream of events. It may suggest some other idea which has only a superficial resemblance with itself, or one which was formerly con- tiguous with it in the spatial or temporal order, or one which is the contrast of itself ; and these ideas of superficial resemblance, marked contrast, or of the irrelevant context, may in no way further the end which the first idea had in view. The first idea has failed to suggest only those ideas which are of service to its end, to exclude all those which are irrelevant or hostile ; and instead of the coherent series of systematised thought, we have the incoherent series of ordinary thought. Systematic association we might call it teleological association is one of the forms which evolution as growth of organisation assumes in the subjective field of psychology : and we have fresh evidence of the wonderful fertility of this conception in the new light which M. Paulhan has shown it throws on char- acter when taken as the principle for classifying various types. M. Paulhan's work falls into two parts. While the second attempts to classify the types of intellect according to their degree of organisation, the first considers how the intellect is gradually freed from subservience to the desires and sentiments and organised as an independent system. The stages of this development also, according to our author, assume typical forms characteristic of classes of men. They present three main types. The first is the " undifferentiated intellect ". All our desires and conscious ten- dencies require a certain amount of thought, in order that they may attain their ends. Here thought is wholly subordinate, a mere means, not an end in itself. Describing people of this type M. Paulhan observes that their ideas and images do not form distinct groups, " they are not disengaged from tendencies, they