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FB. PAULHAN, Esprits Logiques et Esprits Faux. 99 In the second sub-type " the intellect separated from the senti- ments is isolated and lives as an independent system " ; but it does not exhaust the character. 1 I can only interpret this type in correcting M. Paulhan's expression of it. The intellectual life is never separated from sentiment, but the love of knowledge on which it is based may be isolated from other sentiments. Even this degree of separation is extremely doubtful. Are the love of power, of fame, of being of service to one's fellow-men, dead ? for if not of a certainty they will often blend with this sentiment whose object is so largely identical with theirs. M. Paulhan remarks that this is a type of scientists and philosophers rather than of literary men ; for the separation of the intellect from the sentiments is "a guarantee of clearness and impartiality" and serves the aim of the thinker, but is unfavourable to the artist. 2 As an example of this type he takes J. S. Mill, in whom the emotional and intellectual life, he thinks, were separated. It is in these psychological portraits that our author excels, and to those of Darwin and Flaubert in former volumes, he has now added this fine and appreciative study of Mill. Under the third sub-type M. Paulhan classes all those who are the purest incarnation of the intellectual life. They have hardly any other end than thought. 3 The ideal type which defines their place in the series of sub-types is that which I have taken as the third and highest in the intellectual development ; and an existing if limited class of men approximate to it. They are most often found among abstract thinkers. The literary man is apt to grow too fond of his creations ; and " Dumas loved Porthos as a friend and wept at his death ". 4 The reader will perhaps conclude that this third and highest type of the intellectual development contains only men of great intellect. But our author warns him against this conclusion. He even goes so far as to assert that it contains " many mediocrities and a few imbeciles ". 5 A man may belong to this type because he is incapable of feeling any strong passion, not because he possesses remarkable talent. Others are carried away by an idea ; they cannot stop to criticise it ; it masters them ; but if good, the poverty of their minds hinders any rich development of it. And the author sardonically remarks : "In seeing people who would have made passable clerks or tolerable administrators in a subor- dinate position devote themselves to intellectual researches for their whole life ... we realise the power of the idea, . . . how it may become a dominant tendency ". 6 In the second book, to which we now proceed, the author deals with the various types of the logical intellect, and afterwards, in contrast, those which are sophistical and false. The principle which controls the classification is the degree of organisation of 1 P. 92. a P. 98. 3 P. 99. 4 P. 102. 5 P. 117. 6 /6td.