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PAULIN MALAPERT, Les filaments du Caractere. 243 cations bears to the second. The first is called a classification of temperaments not of character ; that is enough for him : and he applies a type of the one or of the other, as it suits his pur- pose. Thus he obtains some central conception, however abstract, of an individual character ; and if the present inquiry of psycholo- gists meets with any measure of success, one of its fruits will be to furnish, in place of incomplete and disconnected classifica- tions, a single one more coherent and exhaustive. But the struggle of Ethology with popular thought is not only shown in the attempt to reach a single and complete classification but also in the endeavour to interpret its several types. For in- stance, if it is a type of the second classification, ' the man of action, 5 it is an abstract quality. We are given this quality as a leading characteristic, and in some sense we are supposed to understand that it is predominant, but we are not told what are the secondary characteristics of the type. Here it is the business of psychology to deduce these secondary characteristics. If, on the other hand, we take one of the types of the four temperaments, for instance the sanguine type, and disregard its antiquated physiology, here we are not given a single abstract quality as predominant, but several of indeterminate standing. Some of these qualities are found in most accounts, and we may assume them to be those which long and repeated observations have found to coexist. Thus we find it stated that the sanguine man shows quickness of feeling and thought, but is superficial and inconstant, a lover of pleasure and very hopeful, and in his will wanting in firmness and self-control. Here in distinction from the last case as we are given no leading characteristic it is the business of psychology to discover it. For where a group of qualities is constantly united in both sexes, in different races and remarked at long intervals of time, they must possess some inner bond of connexion. It is the business of psychology to discover this connexion. With this conception of the immediate problem of Ethology, let us see how M. Malapert deals with these qualities, how he inter- prets their connexion and how far he succeeds in combining the classifications of popular thought. What is his method ? His method is to take the three universal functions of mind, Feeling, Thoughtand Conation (activite), to discover the fundamental varie- ties of each and afterwards to consider their interrelation. In " a given individual," he tells us, "feeling, activity and intelligence react upon one another, so that the particular form of one is closely connected with the particular form of the others. . . ." 1 It is perhaps strange to be told that feeling, thought and activity react, when mental activity presumably consists in this interaction. But the relation of activity to thought and feeling is so obscurely presented and little understood in general psychology that it is inevitably reflected in the applied science and injures its classi- ications. 1 P. 126.