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242 CRITICAL NOTICES : of value in motivation is quantitative. We are thus in all cases of conflict of motive thrown back on the hedonic calculus (p. 726). This theory of value seems to me utterly false to the facts, and I cannot but think that if will had been treated as a function of the developing self-consciousness, the result would have been different. For it would then have appeared, I believe, that at no period of the development can we separate the function from the content apperceived and felt as a whole, and that, as we progressively ad- vance from actions involving the brute sanction of impulse to those in which the sanction of desire is prominent, and thence to actions implicating the moral consciousness, we do find in the contents themselves new elements of value, felt as such, which in the end completely overshadow in importance as springs of action the mere feelings of pleasure and pain. One or two errors may be noted for correction in a second <edition : 16,000 as the lower limit of audible vibrations, pp. 184 and 357 (correctly given p. 299) ; E. A. Weber p. 244 ; the state- ment p. 131 that the English word " sentiment" corresponds to the " Gefiihlston " of the Herbartians. The value of the book would furthermore be greatly enhanced by a proper index. H. N. GARDINEB. Les Elements du Garactere et leurs Lois de Combinaison. Par PAULIN MALAPEBT. Paris : Felix Alcan, 1897. Pp. xvi., 302. I THINK that those who compare this important work with the recent French attempts that have preceded it in the same sub- ject, will allow that it marks a considerable advance. It combines much that was valuable in these attempts, escapes some of their premature generalisations, and shows a more cau- tious attitude than they always exhibited. It has had the great advantage of following and not preceding them. And it was natural that they, pioneers in a new and most complicated sub- ject, should not all at once succeed in raising it from the bed of popular opinion. The problem of Ethology has received substantially the same interpretation in all the recent works. It is at least to discern, tc interpret and to classify the fundamental types of human character. But popular thought has pressed hard on the struggling scientific intelligence ; and if we were asked what, at the present time, is the immediate concern of the new study, we should answer that, whether consciously or not, it is striving to reduce to a scientific form two disconnected classifications of character which it has inherited from popular thought. One is the famous doctrine of the four temperaments, once a learned, now a popular conception. The other is the threefold classification men of thought, men of action, men of feeling. The literary man no more than " the man in the street " knows what relation the first of these classifi-