Journal of Nanomaterials8
[21] H. Ehrlich, M. Maldonado, K.-D. Spindler, et al., “First evidence of chitin as a component of the skeletal fibers of marine sponges. Part I. Verongidae (Demospongia: Porifera),” Journal
of Experimental Zoology Part B, vol. 308B, no. 4, pp. 347–356, 2007.
[22] N. Boden, U. Sommer, and K.-D. Spindler, “Demonstration and characterization of chitinases in the Drosophila Kc cell line,” Insect Biochemistry, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 19–23, 1985.
[23] K. Tabachnik, “Adaptation of the hexactinellid sponges to deep-sea life,” in Fossil and Recent Sponges, J. Reitner and H. Keupp, Eds., pp. 378–386, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 1991.
[24] H. M. Reiswig and D. Mehl, “Tissue organization of Farrea occa (Porifera, Hexactinellida),” Zoomorphology, vol. 110, no. 6, pp. 301–311, 1991.
[25] S. P. Leys, G. O. Mackie, and H. M. Reiswig, “The biology of
glass sponges,” Advances in Marine Biology, vol. 52, pp. 1–145, 2007.
[26] F. E. Schulze, “Hexactinellida,” in Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse
der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer “Valdivia”
1898-1899, C. Chun, Ed., vol. 4, pp. 1–266, Gustav Fischer,
Jena, Germany, 1904.
[27] C. L. De La Rocha, “Silicon isotope fractionation by marine
sponges and the reconstruction of the silicon isotope composition of ancient deep water,” Geology, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 423–426, 2003.
[28] J. C. Weaver and D. E. Morse, “Molecular biology of demosponge axial filaments and their roles in biosilicification,” Microscopy Research and Technique, vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 356–367,
2003.
[29] M. J. Uriz, X. Turon, M. A. Becerro, and G. Agell, “Siliceous
spicules and skeleton frameworks in sponges: origin, diversity,
ultrastructural patterns and biological functions,” Microscopy
Research and Technique, vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 279–299, 2003.
[30] A. Einbu, S. N. Naess, A. Elgsaeter, and K. M. Varum, “Solution properties of chitin in alkali,” Biomacromolecules, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 2048–2054, 2004.
[31] E. Atkins, “Conformation in polysaccharides and complex carboxydrates,” Journal of Biosciences, vol. 8, no. 1-2, pp. 375–387, 1985.
[32] G. Cárdenas, G. Cabrera, E. Taboada, and S. P. Miranda,
“Chitin characterization by SEM, FFTIR, XRD, and 13 C cross
polarization/mass angle spinning NMR,” Journal of Applied
Polymer Science, vol. 93, no. 4, pp. 1876–1885, 2004.
[33] J. Maitan, K. Bilikova, O. Marcovic, et al., “Isolation and characterization of chitin from bumblebee (Bombus terrestris),” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, vol. 40, no. 3,
pp. 237–241, 2007.
[34] D. Carlström, “The crystal structure of α-chitin (poly-Nacetyl-D-glucosamine),” Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 669–683, 1957.
[35] K. Bachmed, F. Quilès, M. Wathier, et al., “Use of dancyl Nacethyl glucosamine as substrate for chitin synthetase activities,” Progress Biochemistry, vol. 40, no. 7, pp. 2523–2529, 2005.
[36] A. Gemperle, Z. Holan, and V. Pokorny, “The Glucan-chitin
complex in saccharomyces cerevisiae. IV. The electron diffraction of crustacean and yeast cell wall chitin,” Biopolymers, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 1–16, 1982.
[37] W. Helbert and J. Sagiyama, “High-resolution electron microscopy on cellulose II and α-chitin single crystals,” Cellulose, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 113–122, 1998.
[38] M.-M. Giraud-Guille, H. Chanzy, and R. Vuong, “Chitin
crystals in arthropod cuticles revealed by diffraction contrast
transmission electron microscopy,” Journal of Structural Biology, vol. 103, no. 3, pp. 232–240, 1990.
[39] A. C. Neville, D. A. D. Parry, and J. Woodhead-Galloway, “The
chitin crystallite in arthropod cuticle,” Journal of Cell Science,
vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 73–82, 1976.
[40] M.-M. Giraud-Guille, “Plywood structure in nature,” Current
Opinion in Solid State & Materials Science, vol. 3, no. 3, pp.
221–227, 1998.
[41] J. D. Goodrich and W. T. Winter, “α-chitin nanocrystals prepared from shrimp shells and their specific surface area measurement,” Biomacromolecules, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 252–257, 2007.
[42] R. Minke and J. Blackwell, “The structure of α-chitin,” Journal of Molecular Biology, vol. 120, no. 2, pp. 167–181, 1969.
[43] C. E. Bulawa, “Genetics and molecular biology of chitin synthesis in fungi,” Annual Review of Microbiology, vol. 47, pp. 505–534, 1993.
[44] W. Ogasawara, W. Shenton, S. A. Davis, and S. Mann, “Template mineralization of ordered macroporous chitinsilica composites using a cuttlebone-derived organic matrix,” Chemistry of Materials, vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 2835–2837, 2000.
[45] M. Brasier, O. Green, and G. Shields, “Edicarian sponge
spicule clusters from southwestern Mongolia and the origins
of the Cambrian fauna,” Geology, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 303–306,
1997.
[46] J. Reitner and D. Mehl, “Monophyly of the taxon Porifera,”
Verhandlungen des naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins Hamburg,
vol. 36, pp. 5–32, 1996.
[47] Y. A. Shchipunov, T. Y. Karpenko, A. V. Krekoten, and I. V.
Postnova, “Gelling of otherwise nongelable polysaccharides,”
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 287, no. 2, pp. 373–
378, 2005.
[48] Y. Shirosaki, K. Tsuru, S. Hayakawa, et al., “In vitro cytocompatibility of MG63 cells on chitosan-organosiloxane hybrid membranes,” Biomaterials, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 485–493, 2005.
[49] K. Schwarz, “A bound form of silicon in glycosaminoglycans and polyuronides,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 70, no. 5, pp. 1608–1612, 1973.
[50] M. Darder, M. Colilla, and E. Ruiz-Hitzky, “Biopolymer-clay
nanocomposites based on chitosan intercalated in montmorillonite,” Chemistry of Materials, vol. 15, no. 20, pp. 3774–3780, 2003.
[51] S. S. Ray and M. Bousmina, “Biodegradable polymers and their layered silicate nanocomposites: in greening the 21st century materials world,” Progress in Materials Science, vol. 50, no. 8, pp. 962–1079, 2005.
[52] S. F. Wang, L. Shen, Y. J. Tong, et al., “Biopolymer chitosan/montmorillonite nanocomposites: preparation and characterization,” Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol. 90, no. 1, pp. 123–131, 2005.
[53] M. Rinaudo, “Chitin and chitosan: properties and applications,” Progress in Polymer Science, vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 603–632, 2006.
[54] J. N. Vournakis, E. R. Pariser, and S. Finkielsztein, “Poly-Nacetyl glucosamine,” US patent no. 5,623,064, 1997.
[55] J. Vournakis, E. R. Pariser, S. Finkielsztein, and M. Helton, “Biocompatible poly-beta-1, 4-N-acetyl glucosamine,” US patent no. 6,686,342, 2004.
[56] Q. K. Kang, C. M. Hill, M. V. Demcheva, J. Vournakis, and Y. H. An, “Poly-N-acetyl glucosamine-SO4 for reparing osteochondral defect in rabbits,” Key Engineering Materials, vol. 288-289, pp. 83–86, 2005.
