China, which does not discharge its pollen till considerably after the
opening of the flower, and which never fructifies in this country.
But a more striking instance is found in the "allspice tree," the Chimonanthus fragrans, or Calycanthus præcox of gardeners, a native of Japan, which,
B. Lamium Galeobdolon.—Pistil and stamens from open flower; the latter discharging pollen.
flowering soon after Christmas, has yet the most perfect contrivance to prevent self-fertilisation (Fig. C). In a manner very similar to that which has been described in the case of Parnassia palustris[1] the stamens, at first nearly horizontal, afterwards lengthen out, and rising up perpendicularly, completely cover up the pistil, and then discharge their pollen outwardly, so that none can possibly fall on the stigma. As a necessary consequence, fruit is never produced in this country; but may we not conjecture that in its native climate the Chimonanthus is
C. Chimonanthus fragrans
1. Early stage of flower, calyx and corolla removed.
2. Later stage, stamens surrounding the pistil, and discharging their pollen outwardly.
abundantly cross-fertilised by the agency of insects, attracted by its delicious scent, in a similar manner to our Grass of Parnassus?
The description detailed above cannot of course apply to those winter-flowering plants in which the male and female organs are produced on different flowers; but here we find commonly another provision for ensuring fertilisation. In the case of the hazel-nut the female flowers number from two to eight or ten in a bunch, each flower containing only a single ovule destined to ripen. To each bunch of female flowers belongs at least one catkin (often two or three) of male flowers, consisting of from 90 to 120 flowers, and each flower, containing from three to eight anthers. The pollen is not discharged till the stigmas are fully developed, and the number of pollen-grains must be many thousand times in excess of what would be required were each grain to take effect. The arrangement in catkins also favours the scattering of the pollen by the least breath of wind, the reason probably why so many of the timber-trees in temperate climates, many of them flowering very many of them early in the season, have their male inflorescence in this form.
The Euphorbias or spurges have flowers structurally unisexual, but which, for physiological purposes, may be regarded as bisexual, a single female being enclosed along with a large number of male flowers in a common envelope of involucral glands. Two species are commonly found flowering in the winter, and producing abundance of capsules, E. peplus and helioscopia. In both these species the pistil makes its appearance above the involucral glands considerably earlier than the bulk of the stamens (Fig. D).
D. Euphobia helioscopia
1. Head of flowers opened, pistil and single stamen appearing above the involucral glands.
2. The same somewhat later, with the stigmas turned upwards.
A single one, however, of these latter organs was observed to protrude beyond the glands simultaneously, or nearly so, with the pistil, and to discharge its pollen freely on the stigmas, thus illustrating a kind of quasi-self-fertilisation. The remaining stamens do not discharge their pollen till a considerably later period, after the capsule belonging to the same set has attained a considerable size. In E. helioscopia the capsules are always entirely included within the cup-shaped bracts, and the stigmas are turned up at the extremity so as to receive the pollen freely from their own stamens. Now contrast with this the structure of E. amygdaloides, which does not flower before April (Fig. E). The heads of flowers which first open are entirely male, containing no female flower; in the hermaphrodite heads, which open subsequently, the stigmas are completely
E. Euphorbia amygdaloides.—Head of flower, pistil appearing above the involucral glands, all the stamens still undischarged.
exposed beyond the involucral glands long before any stamens protrude from the same glands. Here, therefore, complete cross-fertilisation takes place, the pollen from
- ↑ Journal of the Linnæan Society for 1868-69, Botany, p. 24.
