prospectus of a biography of this illustrious man of science, which he intends to publish. Forty new members were admitted. Prof. Zöllner continued his lecture on his observations of the solar protuberances, and on a method of ascertaining the movements of celestial bodies by means of spectral analysis. His views were discussed by MM. Oppolzer, Scheibner, and Struve. A number of proof-prints of Prof. Heis' (Munster) stellar maps were committed to MM. Julius Schmidt and Prof Galle, to report upon. M. de Littrow, superintendent of the Vienna University Observatory, communicated and explained the plan of the new Observatory to be built there, and commented upon the recent endeavours of some calculators of the solar parallax to derive useful results from Father Hell's observations, dating from 1769, proving these attempts to be altogether useless, by exhibiting the original diaries of this observer, and distributing fac-similes of the most important passages of them. A communication, concerning the establishment of a Humboldt Foundation at Vienna, was read.
September 16.— The president and council were elected; M. Struve, President; Prof. Bruhns, Vice-President; MM. Auwers and Winnecke, secretaries; Prof. Zöllner, Librarian; M. Auerbach, Treasurer; MM. Argelander and de Littrow, members of the Council. A new member was admitted. Mr. Julius Schmidt read his report on Prof. Heis's stellar maps. Prof. Forster read a paper concerning the solar eclipse of August 18, 1868, with Dr. Tieb's remarks on the photograms of it, taken at Aden, and proposed that the President and Council should ensure their assistance on the occasion of the next transit of Venus to any astronomers who should apply for it. The motion has been adopted. Dr. Kaiser gave an account of his observations concerning the ellipsoidal form of the Moon, and the solar protuberances, which elicited a reply from Prof. Zöllner, M. de Littrow communicated the first report of the permanent Adriatic Commission, and the programme of the prizes for the discovery of comets, lately proposed by the Imperial Academy of Vienna. Prof Schönfeld exhibited a letter from Fabricius to Tycho Brahe (1596), in which the first notice of Mira Ceti is given, and entered into historical details concerning this variable star. The session of 1869 was closed by thanks voted to the Imperial Academy for having placed suitable localities at the disposal of the Society.
CHEMISTRY
Preparation of Uranium
M. Peligot has communicated to the Annales de Chimie et de Physique [xvii. 368] a short note on the preparation of uranium. A mixture of 75 grammes of uranous chloride, 150 grammes of dry potassium chloride, and 50 grammes of sodium in fragments, is introduced into a porcelain crucible, itself surrounded by a plumbago crucible. The reaction is effected in a wind furnace, at the temperature of redness; but the heat must be increased for a short time at the close of the operation. In the black slag may be found, after cooling, globules of fused uranium. Throughout the operation, it is necessary to avoid the presence both of moisture and atmospheric air.
A specimen of the metal prepared in this way by M. Valenciennes had the specific gravity, l8.33. Uranium, is, therefore, one of the densest of metals.
Stannous Chloride and Acids of Arsenic
A. Bettendorff has examined the action of stannous chloride on the oxygen acids of arsenic. When a solution of stannous chloride in fuming hydrochloric acid is added to a solution of arsenious or arsenic oxide in the same acid, a brown precipitate is formed, which, after proper washing and drying, consists of metallic arsenic mixed with a small quantity of stannic oxide. In an aqueous solution of arsenious or arsenic acid, stannous chloride produces no precipitate; but on adding strong hydrochloric acid till the liquid fumes slightly, precipitation takes place. Arseniferous hydrochloric acid of sp. gr. 1.182 to 1.135 gives an immediate precipitate; the same diluted to sp. gr. 1.115 gives imperfect precipitation after some time; and in a similar solution of sp. gr. 1.100, no precipitation takes place. From this it may be inferred that the reaction occurs only between stannous chloride and arsenious chloride; further, that in a solution of arsenious acid in hydrochloric acid of sp. gr. 1.115 part of the arsenic is present as chloride, but that hydrochloric acid of sp. gr. 1.100 dissolves arsenious acid as such, without converting it into chloride. The reaction above described is extremely delicate, and capable of detecting 1 pt. of arsenic in a million parts of solution. On antimony compounds stannous chloride exerts no reducing action, even after prolonged heating: hence the above-described reaction may be used to detect the presence of arsenic in antimony compounds, the solution being previously saturated with hydrochloric acid gas. Another useful application of the same reaction is to the preparation of hydrochloric acid free from arsenic; 421 grms. of crude hydrochloric acid of sp. gr. 1.164 were mixed with a fuming solution of stannous chloride, the precipitate separated by filtration after twenty-four hours, and the hydrochloric acid distilled, the receiver being changed after the first tenth had passed over, and the remaining liquid distilled nearly to dryness. The acid thus obtained gave not the slightest indications of arsenic, either by Marsh's test or by precipitation with hydrogen sulphide. [Zeitschr. f. Chem. (2), v. 492.]
Dichlorinated Aldehyde
Paterno has obtained dichlorinated aldehyde C2H2Cl2O by the action of sulphuric acid on dichloracetal. It is a liquid boiling at 89°–90°, attracts moisture from the air, and is thereby converted into a hydrate, which crystallises in beautiful laminæ. Left to itself, even in sealed tubes, it becomes dense, and changes into a white amorphous mass, which has the aspect of porcelain; but, when heated to 120°, is reconverted into the original product. Dichlorinated aldehyde dissolves without decomposition in alcohol and ether; when poured into water, it first sinks to the bottom and then dissolves, especially on application of heat; in short, it exhibits the most complete analogy with chloral. It is difficult to oxidise, its vapour not undergoing any sensible alteration when mixed with air or oxygen and passed over red-hot spongy platinum; but when gently heated with several times its own volume of fuming nitric acid, it is energetically attacked and converted into dichloracetic acid C2H2Cl2O2. Phosphoric pentachloride attacks it strongly, producing the compound C4H4Cl6O or C2H2Cl2O. C2H2Cl4, the action doubtless consisting in the replacement of O by Cl2 (as in the action of PCl5 on aldehydes in general), whereby C2H2Cl4 is produced, which, as soon as it is formed, unites with a portion of the undecomposed dichlorinated aldehyde, producing the compound C4H4Cl6O. The constitution of this body may be represented by the following formulæ:—
CHCl2—CH2—O—CCl2—CHCl2
or perhaps by
CHCl2—CHCl—O—CHCl—CHCl2
The compound C4H4Cl6O is a colourless oil, having an irritating odour, heavier than water, soluble in alcohol and ether; it distils at 250° emitting acid vapours. Alcoholic potash attacks it strongly, with evolution of heat, and formation of potassium chloride; and, on adding water to the resulting liquid, a heavy aromatic oil separates, boiling at 196°, and having the composition C4H2Cl4O—that is to say, containing 2HCl less than the preceding. This last compound unites directly with four atoms of bromine, forming the crystalline compound C4H2Cl4Br4O. In this respect, the compound C4H2Cl4O is analogous to Malaguti's chloroxethose C4H6O2, which he obtained by abstracting four atoms of chlorine from perchlorinated ethylic oxide C4Cl100. According to this analogy, the compound C4H4Cl6O may be designated as hexchlorinated ethylic oxide, and C4H2Cl4Br4O as tetrachloro-tetrabrominated ethylic oxide. The two compounds C4Cl6O and C4H2Cl4O may also be regarded, respectively, as perchlorinated vinyl oxide and tetrachlorinated vinyl oxide.—[Giornale di Scienze di Palermo, v. 123, 127.]
Colouring Matter of Wine
Fr. Ponchin proposes the use of a solution of potassium permanganate acidulated with sulphuric acid to distinguish between the natural colouring matter of wine and the various substances added to imitate that colour. For this purpose a normal solution of 2 grammes of the permanganate in lOO grammes of distilled water is prepared when wanted for use; 15 grammes of this solution acidulated, and 3 drops of pure sulphuric acid, are added to 15 grammes of normal red wine contained in a test-tube, and the liquid after being shaken is left at rest. The greater part of the colouring matter is then slowly precipitated in red flocks, while the supernatant liquid retains the same colour, without weakening, for 24 hours afterwards. After a few days, however, the precipitate acquires a deeper red colour and the liquid becomes nearly colourless. For very deeply coloured wines a larger proportion of the normal solution must be used, care being, however, taken not to add it in excess, as that
