of secret diplomacy; in fact, the lack of contact with public opinion and the deeper forces of life, is everywhere painfully apparent. A Swiss writer has stated: "The World War is the work of a small minority of men in power. Their power rests on the principle of authority, and on the erroneous supposition of wisdom and fore- sight exceeding the average. The means of main- taining this erroneous supposition is secret di- plomacy, which deprives the people of all possi- bility of insight and control in the most momen- tous questions. The result of this system is the ruin of Europe." It is too great a risk to take, to leave in the hands of individual men, no mat- ter how highly gifted personally, the control of such forces and the playing of such chances.
In Russia, the conduct of foreign affairs under the Empire was in the hands of a narrow group of men of special training and experience, but without an element of responsibility to the public at large, except that involved in the general re- sults of diplomatic policy. It is a notable fact that during the nineteenth century only six men held the position of foreign ministers in Russia. This is by far the longest average tenure in any country. Sazonov, who became foreign minister in 1911, further emphasized the esoteric charac-
