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The Disruption of CJiarlemagne s Empire 169 LAMPRECHT, Deutsche Geschichte, Vol. II, Book V, Chapter III. C. Material RICHTER, Annalen der deutschen Geschichte, Vol. II, Carolingian for advanced Period, Part II (see below, p. 262). SlMSOH,/a/irl>u<:herdes Frankischcn Reiches unter Ludwig dem From- men, 1874-1876 (see below, pp. 261 sq.}. LAVISSE, Histoire de France, Vol. II, Part I EBERT, Allgemeine Geschichte der LiteratUr des Mittelalters, Vol. II, Book V. Three lives of Louis the Pious by contemporaries of his have come The sources, down to us (in the Momtmenta ; Geschichtschreiber, Vol. XIX ; GUIZOT, Collection, Vol. Ill), but more remarkable than any of these is: NITHARD, Four Books of History, dealing with the civil wars (840- 843) following the death of Louis the Pious. The author is noteworthy for his grasp of his subject and clear presentation. He is the first lay- man among the historical writers of the Middle Ages. (Octavo edition of the Monumenta ; Geschichtschreiber, Vol. XX; GUIZOT, Collection, Vol. III.) The Annals of Fulda, coming down to 901. A continuation for the East Prankish kingdom of the Annals of Lorsch or Royal Annals, men- tioned above, p. 148. Einhard is supposed by some to be the writer who brought the work down to 838 ; it was then continued to 863 by Rudolf, the confessor of Louis the German. See extract given above, pp. 155 sqq. (Octavo edition of the Monumenta ; Geschichtschreiber, Vol. XXIII.) The Annals of St. Bertin (741-882). The continuation for the West Frankish kingdom of the Royal Anna!s, the latter part written as the events occurred. Hinckmar, the famous archbishop of Rheims, carried on the work for a time. One of the very best sources for the period. (Octavo edition of the Monumenta ; Geschichtschreiber, Vol. XXIV; GUIZOT, Collection, Vol. IV.) The Annals of St. Vaast (874-900). Excellent for the end of the century. See extracts given above, pp. 163 sqq. (Monumenta ; Geschicht schreiber, Vol. XXIV.) The Annals of Xanten, useful for the period 831-873. A contempo rary record by various hands, probably drawn up in the archbishopric of Cologne. See extracts given above, pp. 158 sqq. (Monumenta; Geschichtschreiber, Vol. XXIII.) Chronicle of REGINO OF PRUM to the year 906. The writer was a well-educated and intelligent churchman; his style is simple and his attempt to preface the history of his own time by a history of the world is one of the very earliest examples of the mediaeval "chronicle," which now begins to take the place of the less pretentious annals. See above,