Notes
- Only the vowel forms that appear at the beginning of a syllable are listed; the forms used for vowels following a consonant can be found in grammars; no distinction between the two is made in transliteration.
- The vowel a is implicit after all consonants and consonant clusters and is supplied in transliteration, with the following exceptions:
- a) when another vowel is indicated by its appropriate sign; and
- b) when the absence of any vowel is indicated by the subscript sign ( ◌् ) called halanta or virāma.
- Exception: Anusvāra is transliterated by:
- a) ṅ before gutturals,
- b) ñ before palatals,
- c) ṇ before cerebrals,
- d) n before dentals, and
- e) m before labials.
- When doubled, avagraha is transliterated by two apostrophes ( ’’ ).
