- independent, 36, 55
- nonrepresentative, 18, 94, 96
- random, 19, 113, 118
- representative, 18, 19, 42, 46, 156
- stratification, 19
science: Chapter 9
applied, 2, 6, 8, 103, 150, 151, 185, 189-192, 194, 195, 206
- arts and, 9, 187
- basic, 2, 103, 185, 189-192, 194, 195, 206
- big and little, 193, 194
- comparison of basic and applied, 189-191
- experimental, 5, 8, 10-14, 68, 99, 101, 162, 194
- funding, 191-193
- history of, 3-12
- lay perspective, 183-187
- observational, 98-100, 194
- scope, 14
- theoretical, 10, 194
scientific freedom, see: academic freedom
scientific instruments, see: instruments
scientific literature, see: literature
scientific method
- myth of, 12
- summary of, 12, 13, 169
- variety of, 12, 14, 100, 188
scientific pecking order, 194, 195
scientific progress, 13, 14, 74, 113, 123, 136, 146, 150, 151, 162, 164, 194, 198, 201
scientific research, see: science
scientist: Chapter 10
- egotism, 195
- motivations, 184, 210-212
- personal characteristics, 184, 197-202
- variety of, 12
search procedure, 104-109
social science, 15, 19, 20, 54, 60, 62, 69, 96, 118, 136, 141, 189, 194
society and science, 189, 190
sociology, 70, 96, 136, 139, 188
standard, see: calibration
statistics: Chapters 2 & 3
- arithmetic mean, 32
- Chauvenet’s criterion, 33, 35, 41
- confidence limits, 18, 25-27, 33-35
- correlation, see: correlation
- degrees of freedom, 31
- geometric mean, 32
- harmonic mean, 32
- linear regression, 55-60
- mean, 23-27, 31, 34, 35
- median, 33-35
- nonlinear relationships, 58, 60
- nonparametric, 30, 32-37, 59
- normal distribution function, 23, 24
- parametric, 30, 32-37, 50
- pitfalls, 29
- probability, see: probability
- propagation of errors, 28, 29
- quartile, 34
- range of data, 34, 51, 60
- rejecting anomalous data, 32, 33, 35
- skewness, 30, 31, 41
- standard deviation, 23-27, 34
- standard error, 25-27
- standardize, 31
- variance, 24, 26
- weighting, 26, 35, 56
- χ2 test, 30, 31
stereotype, 127
syllogism, 4, 5, 72, 82-85
- categorical, 83, 84
- hypothetical, 85, 86
- substitution, 84
symmetry, see: comparison - symmetry
systematic error, see: bias
T
technology
- economic effects of research, 190, 191
- effects on science, 101, 163, 179, 186
- predictions, 8
- relation to science, 4, 6, 185, 186, 190
- side effects, 185, 186
- transfer, 192
testing, see: hypothesis – testing of
textbook science, 147, 161, 186, 188, 192, 210
theoretical science, see: science - theoretical
theory, 148, 160
- definition of, 13
time series, 52-55, 60
troubleshooting, see: experiment – troubleshooting, instrument - troubleshooting
V
values, 184, 187, 201
- judgment, 146-151, 160
variable
- causal, 18, 46, 60-69, 117, 165
- control of, 8, 11, 12, 63, 66, 89, 98-100, 103, 108, 112, 117-119, 138, 163
- definition of, 13, 15
