only are to be excluded from his choice who are found unfit for the office for which they present themselves. Thus the choice is by no means to be made by the board, but by the President.
One of the most important features of the substitute is the change in the tenure of officers. The section of my bill touching subordinate officers, as it originally stood, provided that those subordinate officers who are appointed by the heads of Departments, except postmasters, should be appointed on good behavior. The current objection to this was that it would create a distinct and aristocratic class among our population. I, for my part, must confess that I never feared any such result. In fact, the idea of a class of aristocrats, consisting of departmental clerks at Washington and of customhouse and post-office clerks at New York and other cities, seems to me somewhat ludicrous.
Mr. Howard. If the Senator from Missouri will allow me, I wish to make an inquiry respecting the substitute which he has offered. It has not yet been fully read; and I wish to ascertain from him whether his substitute does not require that all appointments should be made from the lists of those who have passed an examination in pursuance of the regulations of the board of which he speaks?
Mr. Schurz. Yes, sir.
Mr. Howard. And that all other persons are excluded from that charmed circle; is that it?
Mr. Schurz. The design is that all who apply for office shall be sent before the board for examination.
Mr. Howard. And no person shall be appointed at all unless they belong to that class?
Mr. Schurz. I was just going to state that all applicants for office shall be sent before the board for examination, provided they be applicants for offices for
