REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE.
Estimates of Expenditure for 18G9.
3 6 7
Ordinary expenses : —
Roubles
Public debt
76,097,805
Superior institutions of the State .
1,765,949
Holy Synod .......
7,997,268
Ministry of the imperial household
8,881,886
„ foreign affairs ....
2,239,066
„ war ......
136,774,118
,, marine .....
17,141,078
,, finances .....
53,773,712
,, imperial domains
5,058,165
,, the interior
20,653,901
,, public instruction
9,281,220
,, public works ....
16,440,396
„ justice .....
8,885,481
Audit of the empire .....
1,873,785
General direction of studs ....
650,723
Expenses of Poland not comprised in the
budgets of the ministries of the empire .
11,470,639
Expenses of the Trans-Caucasus . Total of ordinary expenses .
6,727,441
385,712.623
Extraordinary Expenses : —
£52,837,346
Anticipated deficit in receipts
3,000,000
Special expenses (' depenses d'ordre ') .
15,804,496
Temporary extraordinary expenditure for the
construction of railways, and of the ports of
Odessa and Riga ..... Total of ordinary and extraordinary
31,123,303
expenses, net .
435,640,422
£59,676,773
Cost of collection of revenue Total gross expenditure
6,361,505
£66,038,278
The budget for 1870 differed but slightly from that for 18G9, the expenditure being set down at almost exactly the same amount, while the estimates of revenue showed an increase of 4,210,000 roubles, or about 600,000^.
Although the estimates of revenue and expenditure are always nearly balanced, there has been no financial period during the last forty years without a large deficit. These deficits were covered either by sums withdrawn from banks and other institutions under Govern- ment, or by the issue of paper money, or by loans contracted abroad. It was from the year 1840 that the Russian Government became a regular borrower of foreign capital, continuing to this day to make
