JUSTICE AND CRIME — PAUPERISM — FINANCE 683
pupils of 12 years and upwards. The cost of elementary education is borne in the first instance by the communes and provinces. In 1918 there were in the Republic 4,763 public and private elementary schools, with 30,667 teachers and 914,258 pupils.
Secondary education is provided in the Gymnasia and Realschulen. These institutions are maintained by the State, the provinces, the towns, or private individuals. Of the former there were (1917-18) 73 with 20,955 pupils; of the latter 38 with 14,632 pupils ; and for girls, 2b with 4,896 pupils.
Austria has four universities maintained by the State, viz. , Vienna (in 1917-18, 810 teachers and 5,510 students), Graz (232 teachers and 1,142 students), Innsbruck (164 teachers and 982 students), and Salzburg: and there are also two technical high schools at Vienna (212 teachers and 1,292 students) and Graz (72 teachers and 186 students).
There are also 18 theological colleges, of which 15 are Romsn Catholic, 1 Armenian Catholic, 1 Protestant, and 1 Jewish, with a total of 503 students. In 1918 there were also 37 training colleges for teachers, with 736 lecturers and 5,043 students.
Justice and Crime.
The Supremo Court of Justice and Court of Cassation (Oberste Gerichts- und Kassationshof) in Vienna is the highest court in the land. P.esides there are 3 higher provincial courts (Oberlandesgerichte), 17 provincial and district courts (Landes- und Kreisgerichte), and, in connection with these, the jury courts (Geschworenengerichte). There are likewise 269 countv courts (Bezirksgerichte i, and 2 special courts for commercial affairs, 4 for industry, 1 constitutional court, 1 administrative court, and 1 electoral court.
Pauperism.
Funds for poor relief are derived from endowments, voluntary con- tributions, the third of the property left by intestate secular priests, and certain percentages on the proceeds of voluntary sales. In some provinces the poor funds are augmented from other sources, e.g. theatre money (Spectakelgelder), hunting licences, dog certificates, and in some large towns percentages on legacies over a fixed amount. Those who are wholly or partially unfit for work may be provided for in such manner as the commune judges propose. Besides poor-houses and money relief, there exists in many provinces the practice of assigning the poor — in respect of board and lodging — to each of the resident householders in fixed succession
(Einlegesystem).
The law for unemployment insurance bears date March 24, 1920. Under
the Act one-third of the cost of unemployment insurance is to be borne by
the State, and two-thirds by employers and workers. Benefits under the
scheme are not granted for more than 12 weeks.
Finance.
The budgets for 1919-20 and 1920-21 provided revenue and expenditure as follows in kronen : —
1919-20
1920-81
Revenue .... Expenditure ....
Deficit ....
6.294,000,000 16,873,000,000
88,953,312,900
71,13-2,733.'A»0
10,579,000,000 IV,481 t 600
