Note to Norse above.—The bulk of the volume goes to illustrate, directly and indirectly, the ancient and enduring influence on the Makers of Lowland Scotland of their Norse kinsmen from over the North Sea. In this connection Chalmers in his "Caledonia" says—"The Flemings who colonised Scotland in the 12th century settled chiefly on the east coast, in such numbers as to be found useful, and they behaved so quietly as to be allowed the practice of their own usages by the name of Fleming-Lauche (cf. Eng. Dane-lagh), in the nature of a special custom." So it happened that the "Laws of the Four Burghs" forms one of the oldest and most illuminating documents on the history of the Scots vernacular. This couplet, in popular fashion, gives emphasis to the point:—
"Boeytter, Brea (d), in (an') griene Tzis,
Iz goed Ingelsch in' eack goed Friesch."
It was late before the name Scottis tongue was given to Lowland speech in contrast to Erse or Gaelic. In point of fact, the Lowland tongue is mainly the archaic form of the ancient Northumbrian, and therefore ought to be
invaluable to the student of historical English.
Minor sources—Abbotsford Series (ed. G. Eyre Todd), 106; Atkinson, Mr., 103; Alliterative Poems (ed. F. J. Amours, B.A.) (Sc. Text Soc.), 124, 227; Angellier, Mons., 108; Baillie, Robert ("Letters"), 77; Ballantyne, John, 206; Beowulf, 17; Birrell, Augustine, 95; Bopp, 17; Breal ("Essai de Semantique"), 91; Burness, William, 219; Burt, Edward, 111, 113; "By-ways of History," Colville's, 229-233; Calderwood, Mrs., 89, 92, 109; Campbell, Sir Colin of Glenorchy, 77; Carmichael, 235; Chambers' Dom. Annals, 102; Traditions, 105; Popular Rhymes, 150; Christison, Sir Robert, 79; Cunningham of Craigends (S. H. S.), 127; Cramond, Dr., 155; Carrie (biographer of Burns), 78, 117; "Diversions of Purley," Home Tooke, 38; Dick-Lauder (Moray Floods), 189; Dunlop, Matthew, 116; Elphinstone, of King's, Aberdeen, 229; Erskine, 79-80, 86; "Farewell to Edinburgh," 98; Flory Loynachan, 113-6; Foulis, Ravelston, Diary, 185; Furnivall, Dr., 40; Gibson (Cumb.), 101, 105, 173; "Good Words" (Dr. MacCullooh), 235; Gregor, Dr., 101, 105, 129, 133, 142, 166, 211; Grimm's Law, 7-8, 17, 41, 245; Grosart, Dr. ("Poems of Alexander Wilson"), 105; Haldane, Dr., 73; Hamilton, Mrs., 60; Heliand (Die), 25; Henderson, T. F. (Scott. Vernacular Literature), 96; Hermand, Lord, 86; Holland's "Buke of the Howlat," 123; Horace, 33; Innes, Cosmo, 229; Junius, Francis, 2; Kantian Philosophy, 256; Latham, 262; Law, Dr. T. G. (Nisbet's Scots Test.), 44; Laws of Four Burghs, 39, 61, 87; Lowther's Journall (1629), 222; Masson, Professor, 2; Morley, Henry ("Shorter English Poems"), 61, 71, 136; Müller, Max, 243, 246, 260-261; Mure, Elizabeth, of "Caldwell Papers" (1712), 240; Nansen, 179; Napier of the Mint (1590), 179; Nisbet, Murdoch, 43, 44; Miss du Toit, 214; Olive Schreiner, 192; Penelope in Scotland, 98; Penn, 94; Privy Council Regs., 63, 202, 231-232; Punch, 79; Purvey's Revision of Wyclif, 43; Records—Burgh, Kirk-Session, and Guilds, 63, 236; Robertson, Joseph, antiquary, 64; Robertson, historian, 78; Robertson of Ochtertyre, 88; Ross, John, Narrative, 157-160; Ruddiman, Thomas, 235; Sackville, Induction to the Mirror for Magistrates, 156; Sanders, Robert, printer, Glasgow, 235; Schippert, 108; Skene, historian, 64; Simson, Alexander, grammarian, 235; Skeat, Prof., passim; Skinner, John, 62; Stanley, 81; Smith, Adam, 78; Statistical Account of Scot., 101, 102; Stevenson the Engineer,
