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ALI ALIBERT 311 parried out his instructions, and having cleared the roads and made war on his former ally, the pasha of Janina, he concocted a forged order from the Porte under which- he occupied that pashalic, the subordinate beys of which were in a state of open revolt. His public services, and still more his bribery, procured him the ap- pointment to the pashalic in 1788, and by force or fraud he extended his dominion over the greater part of northern Greece. He seized the Venetian territories on the coast of Alba- nia so soon as the French army occupied the Italian possessions of the republic in 1797, and opened a negotiation with Napoleon for his support in case the French expedition against Turkey should succeed. Napoleon sent M. de Pouqueville to Janina; but on the defeat of the French in Egypt Ali Pasha sided with the Turks and the English, and assisted in driving out the French from Prevesa and Parga (1802). He carried on a war of extermination against the Suliotes, an independent Christian moun- taineer population of Epirus, and subdued them (1803) after three years' heroic resistance on their part. He still continued to keep up a show of allegiance to the Porte, by which he was appointed governor general of Roumelia. His schemes of aggrandizement were notorious, but he bribed Turkish officials, and never openly set the power of the Porte at defi- ance. This cautious policy was at last forgot- ten. Ismail Pasha, a former confidant of Ali, held an appointment at Constantinople. Ali, either from revenge or fear of disclosures, hired assassins to kill him. The attempt having fail- ed, the assassins made a full confession. Ali was now outlawed. An army marched against him, which he at first repulsed (1821), but at last, besieged by Kurshid Pasha in Janina, and deserted by his Ottoman adherents, he retired to a stronghold on the lake, in which he kept his treasures and his magazine, threatening to blow himself up unless he received an amnesty. The cupidity of the Turks being aroused by his treasure, it became important to secure the place. The incidents of the closing scene are variously narrated; but the general facts are that he was deluded by a pretended firman of pardon into a personal interview with Kur- shid Pasha, in which he was attended by a small body of his officers. In this interview the sultan's commands for his decapitation were made known, on which Ali Pasha imme- diately fired at his enemies, and killed or wounded some, but was himself shot dead. His head was cut off and sent to Constantinople. Only about 20,000,000 francs of his money were found by the Turks. His daughters were sold as slaves ; his sons were all put to death ; his daughter-in-law was dishonored and drowned. As he contributed to the prosperity of the ter- ritories under his rule, he was regarded as rather an enlightened ruler by many Englishmen, in- cluding Lord Byron, who visited him at Janina. ALI (Ali ben Abu Taleb), a Mohammedan caliph, reigned 655-661. He was adopted and brought up by Mohammed, his blood relation, married the prophet's daughter Fatima, and is believed to have been his first disciple. On the death of Mohammed without male issue, he had claims as next of kin to the succession ; br L he deferred to those of Abubekr, Omar, and Oth- man, who were successively elected by the Moslems, and were supported by Ayesha, the prophet's widow, an inveterate enemy of Ali. It was not till after the assassination of Oth-' man that he assumed the sovereign power. The question of his right to the succession di- vides the Mohammedan world into the two great sects of Sunnis and Shiahs, the former denying Ali's right, the latter affirming it. Ali's first act of power was the suppression of a rebellion fomented by other pretenders to the crown, who were abetted by Ayesha. The rebels Zoba'ir and Talha were defeated and slain, and Ayesha was taken prisoner. A new opponent soon arose in Moawiyah, who suc- ceeded in establishing himself in Damascus, and even carried the war into Ali's own terri- tories and seized the two holy cities. Three fanatics, having determined on ridding the world of both pretenders, succeeded in killing Ali, but failed in their attempt on the life of Moawiyah. Ali left three sons, one of whom, Hassan, succeeded him for a short time. ALIBAUD, Louis, a Frenchman notorious for his attempt to murder Louis Philippe, born at Nimes in 1810, died on the scaffold, July 11, 1836. In his 18th year he entered the army as a volunteer. During the revolution of 1830 he went over to the popular side, and was wounded at the barricades. Invalided in 1834, he resided alternately at Perpignan, Barcelona, and Paris. His attempt to shoot the king, in- spired by political fanaticism and a morbid satiety of life, was iriade June 25, 1836, as his majesty was leaving the Tuileries in his carriage. Being instantly seized by the soldiery, his only regret was that he had failed in his endeavor. ALIBERT, Jean Louis, a French physician, known for his study of cutaneous diseases, born in Villefranche, May 26, 1776, died in Paris, Nov. 6, 1837. His inaugural thesis, on " Perni- cious Intermittent Fevers, "passed through five editions and had an unusual success for a treat- ise of that nature. About 1803 he was appointed physician to the hospital St. Louis in Paris, and immediately began the investigation of dis- eases of the skin, publishing in 1806 the first numbers of his great work on cutaneous diseases. In 1821 he was appointed to the chair of the- rapeutics in the faculty of medicine. He wrote on a variety of medical subjects, and was re- markable for an elegant style. He was one of the founders of the aociete medicale d'emula- tion, and several of the addresses which he pronounced before this society did much to establish his literary reputation. He was phy- sician in ordinary to Louis XVIIL, by whom he was created a baron and officer of the legion of honor. He was also physician to Charles X. His principal works are : Traite desfievres per-