Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume I.djvu/336

312 ALI BEY ALIEN nicieuses intermittentes (1804) ; Description des maladies de la peau olservees A Vhopital St. Louis (large folio, with 51 plates, 1806-'26); Precis theorique et pratique sur les maladies de la peau (1810-'18) ; Physiologie des passions, ou nounelle doctrine des sentiments moraux (1825); Monographic des dermatoses (1832); Clinique de Vhopital St. Louis (1833). ALrBEY, a Caucasian slave, who, by the favor of his master, Ibrahim Bey, rose to wealth and importance in Egypt, and became one of the Mameluke beys, born in 1728, died in 1773. He became chief of the Mamelukes in 1763, and, having secured himself adherents in Cairo, he slaughtered the other beys in 1766, and as- sumed the government, proclaiming himself sultan in 1768. The Porte, then occupied with war against Russia, left him uncontrolled. His idea, derived from intercourse with Euro- peans, was the restoration of the Egyptian kingdom. He formed an alliance with Daher, pasha of Acre, and they seized on Mecca, and sent a fleet into the Red sea. In 1770 they overran Syria, and Daher and Mohammed, Ali's general and adopted son, having routed the Turkish army, were on the point of render- ing themselves masters of the country, when Mohammed, either alarmed for himself or gain- ed over by the Turks, precipitately quitted the army, and, returning to Egypt, engaged in a war against Ali, who fled. The latter, how- ever, renewed the contest jointly with Daher, and for a time with great success, but was finally captured in battle and slain. ALICANTE. I. AS. E. maritime province of Spain, forming a part of the former kingdom of Valencia ; area, 2,096 sq. m. ; pop. in 1867 (estimated), 426,650. One half of the province consists of a bare chain of high mountains, with partly sterile steppes, without trees or water; but the southern portion is generally level and fertile, with a mild climate, and agri- culture flourishes. Among the products are mineral salt, sea salt, and esparto, besides silk, grain, and fruits of all kinds. The chief river is the Segura. The principal towns, besides the capital, are Alcoy, Denia, Villa- joy osa, Jijona, Monovar, Elche, and Ori- liuela. II. The capital of the province, and the principal port of Valencia, on a bay of the Mediterranean, 230 m. S. E. of Madrid ; pop. about 32,000. It is situated partly on the slope of a hill 400 feet high, on the top of which is a strong castle, and partly on the shore of the bay. The latter portion is modern and elegant. From the northern slope of the moun- tain is produced the celebrated Aloque wine. The commerce of Alicante was formerly ex- tensive, but has decreased during the last 20 years. The chief exports are raisins, almonds, olive oil, saffron, and vanilla. The city has a cathedral, a government tobacco factory em- ploying about 4,500 girls, and a bull ring capa- ble of seating 11,000 persons. ALICATA. See LICATA. ALIEN, a person who was born out of the jurisdiction and allegiance of a country, and who is not a citizen of that country. Not all foreign-born persons are aliens by our law, be- cause they may be within certain excepted classes, as the children of the nation's ambassa- dors born in other countries, or of American citizens temporarily sojourning abroad ; or they may have become citizens by naturalization. In the United States citizenship and alienage are determined by the laws of the federal gov- ernment. The subject of naturalization under these laws is treated elsewhere. (See NATU- EALIZATION.) Attica, the foremost state of an- cient Greece, treated foreigners with much lib- erality. "While Sparta was jealous of strangers and excluded them, at Athens foreigners were freely admitted, and at one time constituted half her residents. They were subjected to taxes and to some other light burdens and disabili- ties which were not imposed on native citizens ; but on the whole the pol- icy observed toward them was humane and generous, and sometimes they were received into citizenship. In other states of Greece individuals and sometimes whole classes of aliens were endowed with civil rights, such as the privi- lege of intermarriage, of holding real property, and of exemption from special taxation. In Rome, un- der the emperors, foreign- ers could acquire and dis- pose of property, could de- vise and inherit it, and sue in the courts ; and they en- joyed other rights accord- ed by the jus gentium, that is to say, the mere natural rights of persons, though