Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume I.djvu/505

ANDERSON ANDERSONVILLE 473 born at Herraiston, near Edinburgh, in 1739, died Oct. 15, 1808. At the age of 15, having lost his parents, he assumed the charge of the paternal farm, and he was still very young when he introduced among the farmers of his neighborhood the two-horse plough without wheels. In 1763 he took a lease of 1,300 acres of nearly wild land in Aberdeenshire, and in 1771 contributed to the "Edinburgh Weekly Magazine " a series of essays on planting, which were in 1777 collected and published separately. In 1780 he received from the uni- versity of Aberdeen the degree of doctor of laws, and in 1783 removed to Edinburgh. In 1784 he was employed by the government to make a survey of the Hebrides and the western coast of Scotland, with a view to the improve- ment of the fisheries. In 1791 he established a literary and scientific periodical called the "Bee," designed especially for the young. Having removed to the neighborhood of Lon- don in 1797, he commenced in April, 1799, a periodical entitled "Recreations in Agricul- ture," which continued until March, 1802, and of which he wrote the most valuable papers. ANDERSON, John, a Scottish professor, founder of the Andersonian university at Glasgow, born in the parish of Roseneath, Dumbarton- shire, in 1726, died Jan. 13, 1796. In 1756 he was appointed professor of oriental languages in the university of Glasgow, and in 1760 pro- fessor of natural philosophy. He established a gratuitous course of popular scientific lectures. By his will he directed all his property to be applied to found an institution for the educa- tion of the poorer classes. Though this insti- tution was conducted first on a small scale, it has since increased its means of usefulness, and now has 14 professors and lecturers, with courses of instruction in surgery, chemistry, institutes of medicine, materia medica, anat- omy and physiology, medical jurisprudence, natural philosophy, botany, the classics, and Hebrew, French, and music. In 1786 Dr. An- derson published "Institutes of Physics" for popular use, which passed through five editions in ten years. ANDERSON, Martin Brewer, LL. D., an Amer- ican educator, born in Brunswick, Me., Feb. 12, 1815. He graduated in 1840 at Waterville college, Me., where, after studying about a year in the theological seminary at Newton, Mass., he became a tutor of Latin, Greek, and mathematics. In 1843 he was appointed pro- fessor of rhetoric, but continued to give in- struction in Latin, and organized and taught a course of modern history. In 1850 he re- signed his professorship, and became proprietor and editor of the "New York Recorder," a weekly Baptist journal. In 1853 he was called to the presidency of the then newly founded uni- versity of Rochester, which position he still holds (1872). In 1868 he was offered the presidency of Brown university at Providence, R. L, but declined to accept it. He has preached much, though never ordained as a clergyman, and has contributed literary and philosophical arti- cles to various public journals. ANDERSON, Robert, an officer of the U. S. army, born at "Soldiers' Retreat," near Louis- ville, Ivy., June 14, 1805, died at Nice, France, Oct. 26, 1871. He graduated at West Point in 1825, entered the 3d artillery, and served in the " Black Hawk war " of 1832. In 1835-'7 he was instructor of artillery at West Point, afterward served in the Florida war, and in May, 1838, became assistant adjutant general on the staff of Gen. Scott. In 1841 he re- signed this appointment on his promotion to a captaincy. He accompanied Gen. Scott to Mex- ico in 1847, and was severely wounded at Molino del Rey. In 1857 he was promoted to be a major in the 1st artillery. On Nov. 20, 1860, he assumed command in Charleston har- bor, S. C. On the night of Dec. 26, expecting an attack by the authorities of South Carolina, he removed his small garrison from Fort Moul- trie to the stronger Fort Sumter, where during the next 3 months he was closely invested by the confederate troops. On April 13 he evac- uated the fort after a bombardment of nearly 36 hours, during which he lost none of his men by the fire of the enemy, marched out with his 70 men with the honors of war on the 14th, and sailed the next day for New York. In May, 1861, he was appointed brigadier general in the U. S. army, and commander of the de- partment of the Cumberland, but in conse- quence of failing health he was soon relieved, and afterward breveted major general in the regular army, and retired from service. In 1868 he went to Europe for the benefit of his health. He translated and adapted from the French " Instructions for Field Artillery, Horse and Foot, arranged for the Service of the U. S. Army," and " Evolutions of Field Batteries of Artillery," now used by the war department. ANDERSONYILLE, a village of Sumter co., Ga., on the Southwestern railroad, 62 m. S. of Macon ; pop. in 1870, 1,346. It was during the war the seat of a Confederate States mili- tary prison, established by Capt. W. S. Win- der, Nov. 27, 1863, at which time the popula- tion of the neighborhood did not exceed 20 persons. The site selected was a pine and oak grove of about 22 acres, on the side of a hill of red clay, 1,600 feet E. of the railroad. Near the base of the declivity was a stream of unwholesome water about 5 feet wide and not more than 6 inches deep. The trees were cut down and the enclosure was surrounded by- a strong stockade 15 or 18 feet high. It was originally a parallelogram, 1,010 feet long by 779 feet wide, but in the summer of 1864 its length was increased to 1,620 feet. At the distance of 120 feet, surrounding the inner enclosure, was another palisade of rough pine logs, and between the two were sentry boxes overlooking the interior. A cordon of con- nected earthworks mounted with 17 guns, commanding the entire prison, surrounded the outer palisades. A wooden railing about 3