Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume I.djvu/541

ANI ANIMAL 500 ric acid, anhydrous nitric acid, anhydrous hy- pochlorous acid, and anhydrous acetic acid; but as they do not possess acid properties until combined with water, it is now proposed to call them sulphuric anhydride, nitric anhydride, &c. The following formulas will illustrate how an anhydride becomes an acid on the addition of water: 80s (sulphuric anhydride) + H 2 O= H a SO (sulphuric acid) ; N a O (nitric anhy- dride) + HaO = 2HNC-3 (nitric acid) ; CUO (hypochlorous anhydride) + H S 0=2HC1O (hy- pochlorous acid). Anhydride has therefore a signification of its own, and must not be confounded with the term anhydrous, applied to substances which have no water either mixed or combined with them. AM, or Anni, a ruined city of Turkish Ar- menia, on the Arpi Tchai, about 25 m. E. S. E. of Kars. Its ancient name appears to have been Abnicum, but its history is only imper- fectly known. In the 5th century it was' a small fort ; in the 1 Oth it became the capital of the Bagratide kings of Armenia ; in the llth it was sacked by the Seljuks, and subsequently occupied by the Kurds; and in the 12th re- peatedly taken by the Georgians. In the 14th century it was finally ruined by an earthquake, and has never since been reoccupied. There are numerous ruins of churches, chapels, and private buildings, while the massive walls, about 6 m. in circuit, are in good preservation. See Ruines d'Ani, by M. F. Brosset (2 vols., St. Petersburg, 1860-'61). AMCET-BOURGEOIS, the popular name of AUGUSTS ANICET BOUEGEOIS, a French play- wright, born in Paris, Dec. 25, 1806, died at Pau, Jan. 12, 1871. He was a clerk in a law- yer's office, when he wrote in 1825 his first melodrama, Gustave, ou le Napolitain, He afterward produced over 200 plays, most of them in conjunction with other authors, though he was the sole author of his best drama, La Venitienne (1834). His fairy plays have had an immense run, especially Les pilules du Dia- ~ble. He is also believed to have been the real author of Teresa, Arigele, and other pieces as- cribed to Alexandre Dumas. His remains have been removed to Paris, where he was buried May 10, 1872, Alexandre Dumas the younger pronouncing the funeral oration. AXICETIS, a freedman and preceptor of Nero, and commander of the Praetorian fleet at Cape Misenum, A. D. 59. At Nero's instiga- tion he had a false bottom made for a ship which Agrippina was enticed to visit. She barely escaped drowning, and was soon after- ward murdered by Anicetus at her villa, near the Lucrine lake. Seneca, in his defence of Nero, used Anicetus's story of Agrippina's plots against the emperor's life. Anicetus also professed to have had an intrigue with Octa- via, so as to furnish Nero with a pretext for her banishment. He subsequently lived in luxury in Sardinia with the money given him by Nero in reward for his infamy. AJVIELLO, Towniaso. See MASANIELLO. ANILIC ACID (Spanish aftil, indigo), an acid produced by the action of diluted nitric acid upon indigo; also called indigotic acid. Car- bonic acid is produced with it, and remains in solution, the anilic acid separating it in light yellowish white prisms, which are fusible and volatile, and dissolve in 1,000 parts of water. Their composition is represented by the formu- la CTH^NO^Oa, HaO. Anilic acid decom- poses acetate of lead, forming with the lead a crystallized anilate. ANILINE, a substance discovered in 1826 by 0. Unverdorben, in the distillation of indigo. At the present time it is almost exclusively prepared by the deoxidation of nitro-benzole by means of nascent hydrogen evolved from iron filings and acetic acid. This operation is graphically represented by the following for- mulas : Co^NOa (nitro-benzole) + 6H = CH 7 N (aniline) 4- 2H 2 O. Aniline is a colorless oily liquid, of a vinous aromatic odor, and bit- ter burning taste, and in the air turns brown. Its specific gravity is 1'028. It is slightly sol- uble in water, to which it imparts a weak alkaline reaction. Alcohol, ether, and the fatty oils dissolve it in all proportions. It solidifies at 8 C., boils at 182 C., and com- bines with acids and forms salts soluble in water and alcohol. The faintest trace of ani- line can be detected by the deep purple violet color which chloride of lime produces with it. It is an active poison, but its salts are said to be harmless. In 1856 Mr. Perkin, while ex- perimenting with aniline, discovered the beau- tiful purple dye, which was soon introduced into commerce under the name of mauve. Since that time a variety of colors have been produced, and the manufacture of aniline has become an industry of great importance. ANIMAL It is difficult to define the word animal, and even a scientific definition distin- guishing an animal from a vegetable is scarcely less so. The assertion of Linnaeus, that " plants live and grow," while "animals live, grow, and feel," is probably correct; but it is impos- sible to verify its correctness as applied to the very lowest animals. According to the Ger- man naturalists, an animal may consist of a single cell. The idea also till recently main- tained, that all animals have a stomach, or in- ternal digestive cavity, is untenable; since many microscopic animals have no trace of a digestive apparatus. Indeed, there is no part or organ common to all animals. The stomach, the heart, and other parts of the circulatory apparatus, the mouth, and even the head, so indispensable in the higher animals, not only in the lower become modified in form and de- velopment, but in the lowest even entirely dis- appear. Nor can muscular fibres or nervous filaments be identified in the latter. The changes in form of the same organ in different animals can merely be alluded to here. The mouth, for instance, usually single, and opening transversely, is sometimes double, triple, ot multiple, and modified into a trunk, or sucker,