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APPENZELL APPETITE 597 was no longer ago than the year 1818, when the defendant was charged on such an appeal with the rape and murder of the appellant's sister. The appellee waged his battle, where- upon the appellant claimed that the evidence which he offered of the guilt of the accused was so conclusive as to exempt him, the appel- lant, from the necessity of fighting. But the judges decided that the evidence was insuffi- cient to sustain the claim, though they offered to consider the point whether the wager of battle had not been waived by the form of the pleadings. But the appeal was withdrawn, and the accused was thereupon discharged. In the next year, 59 George III., the wager of battle was abolished by parliament. The case here referred to (Ashford v. Thornton) is reported at great length in 1 Barnewall and Alderson's Reports, p. 405, where, in the elaborate argu- ments of counsel and in the opinions of the judges, will be found interesting matter upon this now obsolete topic of the law. APPENZELL, a N. E. canton of Switzerland, entirely surrounded by the canton of St. Gall ; area, 163 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870,60,639. The surface is irregular and hilly, but there are no considerable mountains, except the picturesque range of the Sentis on the southern border. Offshoots of the Alps form parts of the eastern and western boundaries of the canton. The principal stream is the Sitter, a tributary of the Thur. Since 1597 the canton has been divided, by an agreement of the inhabitants, into two independent half-cantons, each con- taining a certain number of Ehoden (a Swiss word for communes or parishes). The north- ern and Protestant division, called Outer Rhodes (Awserrhoderi), contains about 100 sq. m. and 48,726 inhabitants, who carry on a considerable commerce, and manufacture cot- ton, linen, and silks, their silk-weaving and silk embroidery being among the most beauti- ful work of the kind in Europe. The southern and Roman Catholic division, called Inner Rhodes (Innerrhoderi), contains about 63 sq. m. and 11,913 inhabitants, who devote themselves almost entirely to raising cattle, making but- ter and cheese, and other pastoral industries. Outer Rhodes sends two members to the fed- eral council, and Inner Rhodes one. The capital of Inner Rhodes is Appenzell, a scattered vil- lage 6 m. S. by E. of St. Gall ; of Outer Rhodes, Trogen. The inhabitants of both divisions are intelligent and quick of wit to a degree that has given them a celebrity throughout Switzer- land ; their habits are simple ; they are fond of athletic exercises, and are excellent wrestlers and marksmen. The canton belonged in the 8th century to the Helvetian dominions of the Frankish kings, and shared their fortunes, un- til in 1292 it was placed by Adolphus of Nassau under the control of the abbey of St. Gall, which had been founded in 720, and had al- ways exercised great authority in its affairs. In consequence of the oppressions of the abbots, a rebellion broke out in 1401, and was renewed at intervals for 50 years, finally resulting in the independence of the people. In 1452 the district joined seven other cantons for the sake of greater safety, and in 1513 it was re- ceived as a canton of the Swiss confederation. It derived its name from the monastery of Ab- batis Cella, established by the monks of the abbey of St. Gall. APPERLEY, Charles James, an English sporting writer, born in Denbighshire in 1777, died in London, May 19, 1843. After serving for a short time in a cavalry regiment, he began contributing under the name of "Nimrod" a series of articles to " The Sporting Magazine," which through his contributions soon doubled its circulation. The proprietor paid him a handsome annual salary and kept a stud of hunters for his use. His habits were expen- sive, however, and after the death of this lib- eral publisher, Mr. Pittman, the new owners of the magazine brought suit to recover moneys advanced; and to escape them "Nimrod "in 1830 established himself in a chateau near Ca- lais. At the request of Lockhart he wrote for "The Quarterly Review" in 1827 some excel- lent papers, which were afterward collected under the title of " The Chase, the Turf, and the Road." Among his other works are: "Hunting Reminiscences," "Life of a Sports- man," "Nimrod Abroad," "Remarks on the Choice of Horses," and "Treatise on the Horse and Hound." His method of summering horses without throwing them out of condition is now generally adopted in England for hunters. It consists in feeding them on green food, in large loose boxes, on clay floors, their shoes being taken off, and their systems lowered by gentle alteratives, instead of the old method of turning them out to grass. APPERT, Benjamin Meolas Marie, a French philanthropist, born in Paris in 1797. At the age of 18 he formed the idea of establishing schools for mutual instruction in the depart- ment of Le Nord, and applied the principle in the following year to military organizations, with such success that Marshal Gouvion St. Cyr, minister of war, in 1818 appointed him professor of a normal school for officers and non-commissioned officers in Paris. Within three months 163 of these schools, with 20,000 pupils, were in full operation, and in the course of two years 100,000 soldiers had reaped the benefits of them. In 1822 he was imprisoned on a charge of favoring the escape of two po- litical convicts. After his release he devoted several years to the improvement of the condi- tion of prisons, and published a monthly Journal des prisons (1825-'30). After the revolution of 1830 he became the queen's almoner and secretary general of the society of Christian morality. He was the author of several works on bagnios, prisons, criminals, and prison edu- cation, and a series of Voyages in various Euro- pean countries for examination of their prisons. APPETITE (Lat. appetere, to desire or seek earnestly), in physiology, the natural desire and