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598 APPIAN relish for nutritious food. The desire for food returns, in man and animals, with a certain degree of regularity, at periodical intervals. This is owing to the continuous alteration and waste of the ingredients of the animal tissues and fluids by the active powers of life, and is an indication that the time has arrived for the ingestion of food to reestablish the equilibrium between nourishment and disintegration, and thus maintain the integrity of the vital powers. The healthy appetite, in persons taking a prop- er amount of exercise, is the best guide for determining the frequency with which food should be taken, as well as for its quantity, and the kind of food consumed. If not satisfied within a reasonable time, the appetite becomes at first imperative and distressing, and is then apt to fail altogether ; so that the desire for food disappears until the next recurrence of its habitual period of return. A morbid appetite, or a craving for food in unnatural quantity or of unnatural character, is sometimes a well marked symptom of disease. APPIAN (Lat. Appianus), a Greek historian of the 2d century, born at Alexandria in Egypt. He removed to Rome in the reign of Trajan, and continued there under Hadrian and An- toninus Pius. He was by profession an advo- cate, and at Rome filled the office of procura- tor, and had charge of the imperial treasury. He wrote a Roman history in 24 books. Elev- en books of this history, together with some fragments, have come down to us. His style is unaffected, and his work, though disfigured by blunders, is highly important as a repertory of information. The best edition of his remains is that of Schweighauser (3 vols. 8vo, Leipsic, 1785). APPIANI, Andrea, an Italian painter, born at Bosisio, near Milan, in 1754, died in 1817 or 1818. His best works are frescoes in the palace at Milan and the cupola of Santa Maria di San Celso. " Apollo and the Muses " in the Villa Bonaparte is also an admirable specimen of his style. Napoleon and most of the members of the imperial family sat to him for their por- traits. An attack of apoplexy in 1813 ren- dered him so helpless that he was obliged to sell his drawings and other valuables, and he died in poverty. APPIANO, the name of an Italian family which ruled over Pisa and Piombino from the 14th to the 17th century. I. Jaropo I., the founder of the family, died Sept. 5, 1398. Having at- tached himself to the Ghibelline party, he con- spired with Galeazzo Visconti, sovereign of Milan, excited in 1392 a commotion in the streets of Pisa, during which he effected the massacre of the chief magistrate, Pietro Gambacorti, and his two sons, and in the midst of the popular consternation assumed the title of sovereign of Pisa. II. Gherardo, son and successor of the preceding, sold Pisa to Visconti, duke of Milan, for 200,000 florins, reserving to himself only the sovereignty of Piombino and the isle of Elba, whither he withdrew in 1399. His descen- APPLE dants of the male line preserved for two cen- turies the principality of Piombino, after which it was surrendered in 1631 by the emperor Ferdinand II. to Philip IV. of Spain. III. Ja- eopo III., ruler of Piombino, died in 1474. A conspiracy against him, aided by Galeazzo Maria Sforza, duke of Milan, proved unsuccess- ful, but Jacopo was obliged to place himself under the protection of Ferdinand, king of Naples. He consented to receive a Neapoli- tan garrison in Piombino, and in return was permitted to join to his own name that of Aragona. IV. Jacopo IV., son of the preceding, sovereign of Piombino, died in 1511. He mar- ried a daughter of the king of Naples, and took a command in the army directed by that prince and by Sixtus IV. against Lorenzo de' Medici. He was taken prisoner by the Florentines and obliged to pay a ransom for his liberty.. In 1501 Caesar Borgia took possession of Piom- bino, but Jacopo was restored by an insurrec- tion of the people. APPIAN WAI' (Lat. Via Appia), a celebrated road which with its branches connected Rome with all parts of southern Italy. The main road was laid out as far as Capua by Appius Claudius Csecus (312-307 B. C.), and was sub- sequently continued to Brundusium. It was remarkable for its substantial pavement of large and well fitting blocks, and was the most picturesque of all the approaches to Rome. Numerous magnificent sepulchres lined the road, the most memorable of which were those of Calatinus and the Scipios. Until about 20 years ago, the greater part of the road be- yond the tomb of Csecilia Metella, or between the 3d and llth milestones, was hardly dis- tinguishable from the surrounding campagna, excepting by the ruins of sepulchres ; but ex- cavations in 1850-'53, extending over the Ap- pian way from its beginning at the Capena gate as far as the ancient site of Bovillse, have reopened an interesting part of the road. Ca- nina, who carried out this work under the auspices of the papal government, describes these discoveries in La prima parte della Via Appia dalla porta Capena a Boville ( 2 vols., Rome, 1851-'3). The restoration of the an- cient road is called the Via Appia Nova, and passes in a straight line through Albano until it reaches the viaduct, completed in 1853, which spans a deep ravine between Albano and Aric- cia. The railway from Rome to Naples crosses the Appian way near the llth milestone. APPIUS CLAUDIUS. See CLAUDIUS. APPLE, the fruit of pyrus mains, of the natural order rosacecK. Although the apple is mentioned in the Bible, and by Theophras- tus, Herodotus, and other ancient writers, it is probable that other fruits were desig- nated by that name. Even now the word apple is used to designate a fleshy fruit, as thd love-apple (tomato), pine-apple, rose-apple (myrtacea). The derivation of the word is curious. Anglo-Saxon apl (German, Apfel), one of the few names of our common fruits