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136 BOTANY movements of plants, Runge, Desfontaines, Meyen, Brucke, Darwin; phyllotaxy, Schim- per and Brown ; floral organs, Duval, Duchartre ; anther, Purkinje, Fritzsche; pollen, Chatin, Wimmel, Nageli, Hofraeister, R. Brown, Schlei- den, Unger ; ovary and ovule, Brongniart, Du- chartre, Cramer, Grisebach, Tulasne, Deeke, Schacht, Henfrey, Radtkofer,IIofmeister; fruits, Lindley, Lestiboudois, Desvaux, De Candolle, Dumortier ; vitality of seeds, De Candolle, Des- moulins, Girardin, Naudin ; alimentation of plants, Dutrochet, Schumacher, Herbert Spen- cer, Hofmeister, Bohm, Hanstein, Hartig, Sachs, Payen, Vogel, AVittwer, Vierordt, Jac. Moleschott, Daubeny, Draper, Boussingault, Liebig, Grischow ; respiration, Traube, Core- muinder, De Saussure, Gladstone. Of vege- table products : the proportions of the amyla- ceous bodies in plants (cellular tissue, inuline, dextrine, mannite, pectine, &c.) have been investigated by Berard, P61igot, Braconnot, Eichof, Payen, and Pereira ; oily substances, by Hartig, Mulder, Donders, Iljenko and Laskow- sky, Playfair, Gorgey, and Dumas; wax, by Brodie. The diseases of plants have been stud- ied by Focke, Munter, Hartig (potato disease), Von Mohl (grape disease, 1852), and Liebig. Economic botany has been treated by Fee, Geiger, Reissech, Royle, Richard, Pereira, Endlicher, Nees von Esenbeok, Martius, Gui- bourt, and Schacht. Various classes of plants have received special attention from the follow- ing botanists : Cryptogams in general, Agardh, Persoon, Berkeley, Ehrenberg, Kutzing, De- caisne, Thuret, Derbis, Nageli, Cohn, Greville; alg, Harvey, Johnstone, and Croal ; fungi, Berkeley, Montague, Cordier, Tulasne, Kromb- holz, Sturm, Benerden, Badham, Cooke, Pringsheim ; mosses, Hedwig, Sullivant ; lich- ens, Tuckerman, G. von Holle, Leighton, Spier- schneider, J. D. W. Bayerhofer; ferns, W. J. and J. D. Hooker, Moore, Eaton, Lowe,* Baker; grasses, Munro, Kunth, Gray ; palms, Martius, Seemann; liliacese, Redout6; conifers, Lambert, Richard; orchids, Bateman, Blume, Hooker, Moore, Darwin ; cactacese, Engeluiann ; pipera- cese, Miquel ; labiates, Bentham ; rhododen- drons, Hooker ; geraniaceas, Sweet, Andrews ; heaths, Andrews. Local floras have been pub- lished as follows : United States, Gray, Torrey, Chapman, Brewer, Watson ; Brazil, Martius, Saint-Hilaire and Jussieu, Humboldt, and Bon- pland ; Peru, Ruiz and Pavon ; Chili, Bertero, Gay; Guiana, Schomburgk ; West Indies, Grise- bach, Wright, Larran, Descourtiles, Sloane ; An- tarctic, Hooker and Harvey; Pacific, Gray, Gau- dichaud; Hawaiian Islands, H. Mann; Feejee and Samoan Islands, Seemann ; New Zealand, Hooker; Australia, Hooker, Muller, Sweet, Bentham; Philippine Islands, Blanco; Hong Kong, Bentham ; China, Loureiro, Hance ; Japan, Thunberg, Siebold; Siberia, Gmelin, Maximovitch ; India, Wight, Roxburgh, Wal- lich, Hooker, and Thompson; Java, Blume; Ceylon, Thwaites ; Arabia, Forskal ; Greece, Sibthorp; Italy, Gussone, Tenore, Bertoloni; Austria, Jacquin, Kock, Reichenbaeh; France, Saint-Hilaire ; Russia, Pallas ; Lapland, Lin- naeus ; Sweden, Andersen ; Denmark, Oeder ; England, Curtis, Smith, Hooker, Bromfield, Sowerby, Greville, Bentham, Thornton, Bab- ington; Africa, Desfontaines, Hooker, Palisot do Beauvois, Harvey, Oliver. We give below an alphabetical list of the principal authors, native and foreign, who have applied them- selves to the botany of the United States anf*. of British America : WILLIAM BALDWIN assisted Elliott in the sketch of the bota- ny of South Carolina and Georgia. BENJAMIN S. BARTON, professor of botany in Philadelphia, u Collections for an Essay toward a Materia Medica of the United States," 1798-1604; " Fragments of the Natural His- tory of Pennsylvania," fol., 171>9 ; Progress of Vegetation," I7WJ " Elements of Botany," revised, and with additions of British examples. &c., London, 1804; Flora Firffi/iii-it (reaching only to the tetrandria of Linnaeus, but an enlarged and modifit-d" edition of the work of Clayton and Gronovius), Philadelphia, 1812; "Specimen of a Geographic View <il' Trees," &c., of North America between lat. 71 and 75 (in- complete). L. C. BECK contributed toward the botany of Illinois and Missouri (not beyond the monadtlphia of Linnanis); " Botany of the United States north of Virginia," 1838; ud cd., 1848. JACOB BIGELOW, Florala Boston iensis, 1814. '24, '40; "American Medical, Botany," 1S17-'21, 8 vols., 60 colored plates ; "On the Forwardness of Spring in different parts of the United States," 1818. J. A. BRERETON, Prodrojnus Flora Columbians (of Wash- ington), 1830. W. H. BEEWEB, " Botany of the California Geological Sur- vey," 1878. BEOWN, " List of Plants collected on the Coast of Baffin's and Possession Bay," London, 1819; ChloriH Melvilliana, 1S-J8. M AUK CATESBY, "Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahamas," 2 vols. fol., 1743; also Hortux Britannia? Americanus, treating of trees fit for England (also under the title of Ifortus Europm AmericanuK). 1768-'7. CHAPMAN, " Botany of the Southern United States." J. COENCTUS, a French physician, published a Canadensium Plantarum Iliatoria, Paris, 1685. M. CUTLER wrote an account of the vegetable productions of New England, 1785, probably the first essay of a scientific description. J. DARBY wrote on the vegetable productions of the south- ern States, and (1841) a " Manual of Botany." W. DAHLINOTON, " Essay on the Development of the Exter- nal Forms of Plants," compiled from Goethe, 1839; on gramineae, as important toman; a Florula, 1826, and a Flora Cestrica (of West Chester, Pa.), 1887; on "Agricul- cultural Botany," and " Memorials of J. Bartram, 11. Mar- shall," &c., Philadelphia, 1849. DEWEY, on cartography, " Silliman's Journal," vol. vii. A. EATON'S ' Manual of Botany for North America," on the system of Linnfflus, 1st ed. in 1818, 8th in 1840 (in the last edition Wright cooperated), and some elementary books, marked an epoch in the progress of the science in this coun- try. A. ELLIOTT issued in numbers (1816-'24) a valuable " Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and Georgia." G. B. EMEESON, on ' Trees and Shrubs of Massachusetts," 1846. G. ENOELMANN wrote on Cytinerr in 1842, and with A. Gray on Lindheimer's Texan plants, 1?45. A Florula Columbiensin appeared at Washington in 1S19, anonymously. J. R. FORSTER, Flora America! Septentrionalis, 1771 (also in Bossu's travels, vol. viii.). A. GRAY, an eminent botanist of the United States ; elemen- tary books, monographs of American Rhyncliospora 1 , a revision of 3leluntliace.it, remarks on Ceratophyllacete ; has catalogued American Gramina and Cyperacea ; re- viewed J. Dumas, J. B. Boussingault, Johnston, and Draper, on the Chemistry of Vegetation : notes on the mountains of North Carolina; notices on Katlnesque, and on European lierbtiria ,' Chloris Borefili-Americana, il- lustrating rare plants; also a complete "Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States," 6th ed., 1868; " In- troduction to Structural and Systematic Botany and Vege- table Physiology," 1858; "Field, Forest, and Garden Bot- any," 1869; began in 1849 his great work, Genera Flora Americana Soreali^ illustrata., which is to be in 10 vols. Many of his short works have been published in American