BOTANY 135 ex. potato; cortiisales, ex. primrose; echiales, ex. bugloss ; 'bignoniales, ex. trumpet-creeper ; campanales, ex. aster ; myrtales, ex. pome- granate ; cactales, ex. cactus ; grossales, ex. currant ; cinchonales, ex. honeysuckle ; umbel- lales, ex. carrot ; asarales^ ex. birthwort. Ste- phan Endlicher published Genera Plantarum secundum Ordines Naturales disposita (Vien- na, 1836-'40), the most important systematic work since A. L. de Jussieu's of 1789. His classes answer to Lindley's alliances. We sub- join a summary of his method, from his Con- spectus diagnostics : Two regions contain all plants : 1. Thallophyta (Gr. flaAAeii', to pullulate, to green, grow, bloom, sprout), the tfiallus being either a leafy branched tuft or frond, or a flat- lobed mass of green matter upon the ground, a bed of fibres ; and 2. Cormophyta (Gr. op/ios, Lat. corpus, fruticus, stem, stalk), the cormus being the lecu* of Du-Petit Thouars, pla- teau of De Candolle, bulbotuber of Ker, and bnlbus solidus of others ; in short, a stem, whether subterranean or super- terranean. The tkallophyta (having no opposition of stem and root, no spiral vessels nor sexes, but spores lengthened in all directions) he divides into two sections, viz.: I. Proto- phyta (n-pwTo?, first), born without soil, feeding by the sur- face, fructification vague ; containing 2 classes, namely, algct) in 7 orders and 122 genera, and lichenes in 4 orders and 57 genera. 2. HysteropJ-.yta (uorepof, posterior, later), born on languid or dead organisms, feeding Irom within, developing all organs at once, perishing definitively; constituting 1 class, fungi ; birth hidden ; sporldia none or within asci (tubules) ; in 5 orders, 274 genera. In this region there are 16 orders and 453 genera. The cormophyta (having polar opposition of stern to root, vessels and distinct sexes in the more perfect individuals) he divides into 3 sections. The first section is acrobrya (a*pos, uppermost, highest, extrepie, and 0puw, I germinate, emanate, am bred) : stem growing only at the top, lower part only food-bearing; comprising 8 cohorts, namely : 1. Anophyta (acw, upward) : no vessels ; hermaphro- dite ; spores free within sporangia ; with 2 classes, hepaticce, in 5 orders and 20 genera, and nnisci, in 8 orders and 26 gen- era; 2. Protophyta: bundles of vessels more or less perfect; no male sex; spores free within sporangia of one or more lodges; 5 classes; a, equiseta (horsetails), in 1 order, 2 gen- era; b^jUices (ferns), 7 orders, 72 genera; c, hydropterides (water-wings), in 2 orders, 29 genera; d, sehtgines, in 8 or- ders. 11 genera; e. zamice, 1 order, cycadacecK^ 10 genera; 8. llyxterophyta: both sexes perfect; seeds without embryo, many-spored; parasites, with 1 class, rkizantheoB (root-flow- ering), in 3 orders and 14 genera. The second section is ampki- brya; stalk growing peripherically ; with 11 classes, viz. : a, plurnftceve, in 2 orders, fframinecf^ grasses, 22U genera, and cyperacece, sedges. 47 genera; &, enantioblastas (evavriov, against, /SAaordf, germ), in 5 orders, 83 genera; c. heliobicB (e'Aos, pool, marsh, 109, life), in 2 orders, 10 genera; d, coro- nariie (from the coronate perigoniuin), in 6 orders, 42 genera ;
- , art&rkiza (dpro?, bread, pifo, root), in 2 orders, 17 gen-
era;/, enfiatcB (Lat. ensis^ sword), in 7 orders, 110 genera; frgynandrce (female with male), in 2 orders, 8iJ5 genera ; h. scifaminecp (Lat. scitamina^ dainties), in 3 orders, 38 gen- era; i^jtuyiale^m 1 order, naiad e<e^ 6 genera; ^, spadici- florce, in 3 orders, 51 genera; and &, principes, in 1 order, palmce, 62 genera. The third section is the acramphibrya: stem growing both at top and pei Spherically; divided in to 4 cohorts: 1. tiymnoitpermw : ovules naked, Jertilized immedi- ately through the open fruit leaf or permeable disk, with 1 class, coniferfe, in 4 orders, 23 genera; 2. Apetalae: no peri- gonium, or a rudimentary or simple one, calycine or colored, free or adhering to the ovary ; with 6 classes : a, piperitw, in 8 orders, '^3 genera; b, actjiMtica>, in 3 orders, 10 genera; c, jidiflorm (Lat. iulus^ catkin). In 15 orders and 1 sub- order, 72 genera; d. oleraeeis (Lat. olns, a kitchen plant), in 4 orders, 60 genera; e, thymelew (0vju'A7j. altar, flour), in 9 orders, 146 genera; /, serpentar-iai, in 2 orders, 6 genera; 8. Gamopetalce: perigonium double, exterior caly- cine, interior corolliue, gamopetalic, seldom abortive; with 10 classes: o, plumbagine* (Lat. plumbum, a disorder in the eyes, which some species were believed to cure), in 2 orders, 10 genera; b. aggregate* in 3 orders, 859 genera; c, campanuUnetf^ift 5 orders, 53 genera; rf, capri/blia (from climbing like a goat, Lat. cupra), in 3 orders, 246 genera; e, contortcB (twisted), in 7 orders. 2'27 genera; f, nuculiferce, in 8 orders, 'J19 genera; (/, tubuliJlorcB, in 5 orders, 90 genera; A. personate (masked), in 7 orders, 818 genera; i,petalan- t/iie, in 4 orders, 70 genera; ,;, bicomes. In '2 orders, 89 genera ; 4. Diali/petdlip (8iaAveif, to dissolve, separate): perigonium double, outer calycine (with leaflets distinct or coalesced, free or cognate with ovarv, sometimes colored), inner coralline (parts distinct or seldom united by base of stamens, hypo-, peri-, or epigynous), sometimes abortive ; with 23 classes, viz. : , discantkce (disk -flowering), in 7 orders, 252 genera; b, comiculat'je, in 8 orders, 77 genera; c, polycarpicw (many- fruited), in 8 orders, 182 genera; d, rhceadea (pota, pome- granate, here misapplied), in 5 orders, 2U1 genera; e, nelum- bia (Cingalese, nelitmbo, water lily), in 3 orders and 1 sub- order, 10 genera;/, parietal&t^'m 18 orders. iH genera; g, peponiferw, in 3 orders, 33 genera ; A, opuntice, in 1 order, cactece, 9 genera; z, caryophillinex (Kapvov, walnut, and <uAAoc, leaf, from the appearance of the flower buds of pinks), in 4 orders, 103 genera; ,;', cotiunniferce, in 4 orders, 126 genera; , guttiferae, in 9 orders, 93 genera; /, kespe- rides (rockets, more fragrant in the evening, eVn-epos), in 5 orders, 73 genera; m, acera (maples), in 5 orders, 86 genera; n, polygalinece (yaAo, milk, believed to favor milk secretion when fed upon), in 2 orders, 16 genera; o, frangulacex. in 7 orders, 100 genera; p, tricQGcm* in 3 or- ders, 129 genera; <?, ttrebintkinece, in 10 orders, 156 genera; r, (iruinales (like cranebills), in 6 orders, 22 genera; s, caly- MWTKV, in 8 orders. 102 genera; , myrt(ftoi'w, in 2 orders, 172 genera; , ro*^?orce, in 5 orders, 77 genera; >, legitnvi- nosce, in 3 orders. 421 genera. The Genera Plantarum of Hooker and Ben- tham, of which the first volume was com- pleted in 1867, is the latest arrangement of orders and genera, and when finished will doubtless be for some time the guide in the classification of herbaria and local floras. Physiological and Anatomical Botany. After the discovery of the microscope and the inves- tigations of Grew and Malpighi, much study was devoted to the vegetable cell and the na- ture of cellulose. Mirbel, Dutrochet, Amici, Moldenhawer, Von Mohl, linger, Fre"my, and Schleiden have carefully observed the forms it assumes and the work it performs, Fre"my distinguishing various kinds by chemical tests where optical tests failed. Schleiden calls the primitive utricle the cytoblast or germinating cavity; and Mulder in Holland and Schacht in Germany now lead those who consider all vegetation traceable from the cell-generating cytoblast. Pringsheim denies this. The move- ment of the sap was described by Corti in 1772, and Biot, De la Place, Fontana, L. C. Trevi- ranus, Meyen, Cassini, Schultz, and Morren have published their observations on the cir- culation. The observers whose works may be consulted with profit for special phytotomic de- tails are : on organic mucus, Brongniart, Mohl, Valentin; laticiferous tissue, Schultz (1839), Dippel, Haustein (1863) ; protoplasm, Cobn, linger, Max Schultze, K. H. Schultz ; fibrous tissue, Purkinje, Morren ; starch, Rospail, Fritz- sche, Payen, Tr6cul, Niigeli ; aleurone, Hartig, Tre"cul, Gris; color of plants, De Candolle, Mohl, Lawson, Morren ; chlorophyl, Bohm, Mohl, Morren, Fr6my, Gris, Verdeil ; cell con- tents, Weddell, Schacht; epidermis, Schleiden, Brongniart, "Weiss ; stomata, the Krokers, father and son, Thomson, Lindley, linger, Morren; bark and cork, Duhamel (Physique des arbres), Senebier, Pallini, Sprengel, Gaudichaud ; stem, Daubenton, Deefontaines, Duhamel, Mohl, Gaudichaud, Mirbel, T, Hanstein (also on root and leaves) ; root, Tre'cul, Goldman, Link, Gar- reau and Brauwers, Decaisne, Ohlert, Th. de Saussure, Macaire, Bouchardat, Chatin,Trincln- netti ; leaf, J. D. Hooker, Braun, J. Rossmann, Steinheil, Mercklin,Wretschko, Tre'cul, Bonnet ;
