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BOUCHER BOUCIOAULT 147 and the number of his pictures and drawings is said to have exceeded 10,000, while at the same time he practised engraving. By pan- dering to the licentious taste of his times, he became fashionable and popular, and was called the painter of graces. For a long time after the first revolution his works were unsalable ; but of late years they have again been sought for, especially by English amateurs, the gallery of the marquis of Hertford containing the erotic cabinet executed for Mme. de Pompa- dour. His most remarkable portrait is that of Mme. de Pompadour, and his best mythological picture, " Diana's Bath," is now in the Louvre. BOUCHER, Jonathan, an English clergyman, born in Cumberland, March 12, 1738, died at Epsom, April 27, 1804. He went to Virginia about 1754 as a private teacher, afterward took orders in England, and was a rector in Virginia and Maryland till 1775, when he re- turned to England, his anti-revolutionary sen- timents having given umbrage to his American congregation. From 1784 till his death he was vicar of Epsom. He is the author of " A View of the Causes and Consequences of the Ameri- can Revolution, in 13 Discourses," dedicated to Washington (8vo, 1797), and of a "Glossary of Archaic and Provincial Words," intended as a supplement to Johnson's dictionary (A, 1802 ; A to G, 1807; enlarged ed., 1832). BOUCHER, Pierre, sisur de Boucherville, a Canadian pioneer, born in Perche, France, in 1622, died at Boncherville, Canada, April 20, 1717. He came to America with his father in 1635, and was for many years Huron inter- preter, and then rendered good services in the warj against the Iroquois, whom he repulsed frequently. He was deputed to France in 1661 to lay before the court the condition of the col- ony. This led to the publication of his little work entitled Histoire veritable et naturelle des mxurs et des productions de la Nounelle France (Paris, 1663). He was ennobled for his services and made governor of Three Rivers in 1663, and received a grant of Boucherville, on which he settled in 1668. He was esteemed as a brave, pious, intelligent, and upright man, and, having reared a large family, is the ances- tor of many of the best houses in Canada. "The Adieux of Grandfather Boucher," ad- dressed in his last days to his children, is emi- nently characteristic of the man and the time. BOUCHER DE CREVECiEUR DE PERTHES, Jacques, a French archaeologist and author, born at Bethel, department of the Ardennes, Sept. 10, 1788, died in Amiens in August, 1868. He belonged to an old family, and through the influence of his father, author of several botan- ical works and director of customs at Abbe- ville, he was employed by Napoleon on vari- ous missions to foreign countries. By a royal decree of 1818 he was permitted to add the family name of his mother, De Perthes, who claimed descent from an uncle of Joan of Arc, to his own. lie wrote several tragedies and a comedy, and published anonymously in the interest of free trade Opinion deM. Christophe, viyneron, sur lea prohibitions et la liberte de commerce (4 parts, 1831-'4). Subsequently he became president of the societe d 'emulation at Abbeville, made an extensive collection of Cel- tic and Roman antiquities, which he presented to the government, and acquired celebrity by his archaaologicai discoveries and by his work De la creation (5 vols., 1839-'41). In 1841 he observed in some sand containing mam- malian remains at Menchecourt, near Abbe- ville, a flint rudely fashioned into a cutting instrument; and during the formation of the Champ de Mars in the same locality, many of the since celebrated iron hatchets were found. He published his first work on the subject in 1846, De Vindmtrie primitive, ou les arts et leur origine, claiming that these implements belonged to the age of the drift; and bis Antiquites celtiques et antedilumennes (1847) contains many illustrations of the im- plements, and refers to remains found in the peat, which appear to have been the ruins of lake dwellings. He also wrote De Vhomme antedilumen et de ses auvres (1860), and Des outils de pierre (1866). His miscellaneous wri- tings comprise a novel and a volume of poetry ; an alphabetical dictionary of passions and sen- sations entitled Homme et chases (4 vols., 1851) ; Les masques, biographies sans nom, being a collection of ethical disquisitions (4 vols., 1861- '4) ; Sous dix row, souvenirs de 1791 d 1860 (8 vols., 1862-'7); Des idees innees (1867); and numerous books of travel. I'.oi ( lli:s-m -KHOM:, a S. E. department of France, in Provence, on the Mediterranean, comprising the delta of the Rh6ne, bounded N". by the Durance and W. by the Rh6ne; area, 1,971 sq. m. ; pop. in 1872, 554,911. The Rh6ne divides within the province into two branches, forming a delta called the island of Camargue, which is partly occupied by marsh- es and lagoons. On the north of the lagoons is La Crau, a dreary plain, mostly of gravel, stretching to Aries; during the summer it is entirely arid and waste, though in winter it furnishes pasture for sheep and goats. These flocks are sent to the mountains about the beginning of the spring, and return in the au- tumn. The horses and cattle are few and of poor breed. The quantity of corn gathered in the department is insufficient, while the pro- duce of wine leaves a large surplus for export. Silkworms are raised in large quantities ; and olives are cultivated on a great scale, being partly exported as fruit, and partly converted into oil. There are manufactories of soap, ho- siery, and silk, sugar refineries, and oil mills. The trade is mainly carried on through the port of Marseilles, the capital. The depart- ment is divided into the arrondissements of Marseilles, Aix, and Aries. BOUCICAULT, Dion, a British dramatist and actor, born in Dublin, Dec. 26, 1822. His father was a French refugee and a merchant in that city. He was sent to England to be edu-