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BOUILLIER BOUILLON 151 inspector general of public instruction in 1861. He edited the philosophical works of Cicero and Seneca, and the works of Bacon (3 vols;, 1834- '5), and prepared the first complete French translation of the Enneads of Plotinus (3 vols., 1857-'61), for which he received a prize of 3,000 francs from the French academy. He contributed to various cyclopredias, and was the chief editor of the Dictionnaire classique de Vantiquitesacreeet profane(^ vols., 1826), Dic- tionnaire universel d histoire et de geographic (1 vol. large 8vo, 1842; 22d ed., 1871), and Dictionnaire universel des sciences, des lettres et des arts (8vo, 1854; 9th ed., 1870). The second of these works was modified in accord- ance with the requirements of the Roman con- gregation of the Index. BOl ILLIEK, Francisqne, a French philosopher, born in Lyons, July 12, 1813. He became pro- fessor and dean of the faculty, and in 1856 pre- sident of the academy of that city ; and since 1867 he has been director of the superior normal school. He prepared French transla- tions of some of the works of Kant and Fichte, and is the author of the Histoire de la philoso- phic cartesienne (2 vols., Paris, 1854; 2d ed., 1867). BOUILLON, a town of Belgian Luxemburg, on the Semoy, 17 m. W. S. W. of Neufchateau; Bouillon. pop. in 1866, 2,765. It has an ancient castle, and was formerly the capital of the lordship of Bouillon (which had been separated by parti- tion from the county of Boulogne), a district in the Ardennes containing several large vil- lages and about 20,000 inhabitants. This dis- trict was mortgaged by Godfrey the crusader, in 1095, to the bishop of Liege, whose succes- sors held it till 1482, when it was taken by Guillaume de La Marck, prince of Sedan. Re- stored to the bishop by Charles V. in 1529, it was again taken in 1548 by Robert de La Marck, whose descendants were dukes of Bou- illon, which title afterward passed by mar- riage into the family of La Tour d'Auvergne, viscounts of Turenne. Bouillon was held by the French from 1676 to 1815. The title of prince of Bouillon was assumed in 1792 by Philip d'Auvergne, a captain in the British navy, and was borne by him until his death in 1816, when the contest between different claim- ants was set at rest by a decision (July 1) in favor of the French prince Charles Alain de Rohan-Guemene, whose posterity still bear the title. Bouillon has belonged to Belgium since 1831. BOUILLON, Godfrey de, the hero of the first crusade, born in South Brabant about 1060, died in Jerusalem, July 18, 1100. He was the son of Eustace II. of Boulogne, brother-in- law to Edward the Confessor. In 1076 he succeeded his maternal uncle, Godfrey the Humpbacked, duke of Lower Lorraine, in a part of his possessions. He espoused the cause of the emperor Henry IV. in the memorable struggle with Pope Gregory VII., slew the rival emperor Rudolph of Swabia in the battle of Molsen (1080), and a few years later planted Henry's banner on the walls of Rome, which he was the first to scale. In reward for these services he became duke of Lower Lorraine. The idea, however, that he had committed sacrilege by violating the city of St. Peter sat heavy on his soul. As f- soon as the crusade was proclaimed, he mortgaged his lands to the bishop of Liege, in order to procure funds for the enterprise, and set out in the spring of 1096, with his broth- ers Eustace and Baldwin, for the Holy Land, at the head of 70,000 foot and 10,000 horse, French, German, and Lorrainers. Godfrey, who belonged to both the French and Ger- man nations, and spoke both tongues with ease, soon became the virtual leader of the whole vast expedition. (See CRU- SADES.) He was not tall, but his strength was pro- digious. It is said that with one blow of his sword he clove asun- der a horseman from head to saddle, and with one back stroke would cut off an ox's or camel's head. When in Asia, having one day lost his way, he found one of his com- panions in a cavern engaged with a bear ; he drew the beast's rage upon himself, and slew it, but the serious bites he received kept him long in his bed. Alexis Comnenus agreeing to provide the western army with supplies on condition that the crusaders would expel the Turks from his dominions, Godfrey conquered Nicsea and in 1098 Antioch, where his soldiers were short of provisions, the Greek