256 BRETH. OF THE HOLY TRINITY BREVIARY Roman Catholic congregations devoted to the cause of education. (See SCHOOL BEOTHEES AND SlSTEES, CoNGBEGATIONS OF.) BRETHREN OF THE IIOLY TRINITY, a society founded in France near the close of the 12th century, whose members pledged themselves to give a third part of their revenues to procuring the redemption of Christians who had fallen captive to the infidels, and were in Mohamme- dan slavery. It was established by John of Matha and Felix de Valois. BRETON, Jules Adolphe, a French painter, born at Courrieres. He excels in pictures of rural life and scenery. He began to exhibit about 1855, and in 1859 and 1861 received medals of the first class for landscapes. Among his best works are "The Gleaners," "Blessing the Grain," "Evening," "The Weeders," and " The Turkey Keeper." BRETON LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. See CELTIC LANGUAGES AND LITEBATUEE. BRETON DE LOS HERREROS, Humid, a Span- ish poet, born at Quel, Old Castile, Dec. 19, 1800. He was a volunteer in the army, and held civil offices at various times, but owing to his liberal politics he was not permanently em- ployed. His comedy, A la vejez viruelas, com- posed in 1817, was successfully performed in 1 824 ; and he became the author of upward of 1 50 plays, original or remodelled from old Spanish comedies, or taken from the French and Italian. His recent dramas have been modelled after the early dramatic school of Spain. Several of his plays were performed in Paris in 1847, and one of them was translated into French under the title of Le poll de la prairie. He excels also as a humorous and satirical poet. A collection of his poems was published in 1850-'52 (5 vols., Madrid). He is a member of the royal academy of Madrid. BRETSCHNEIDER, Karl Gottlieb, a German theologian, born at Gersdorf, Feb. 11, 1776, died in Gotha, Jan. 22, 1848. He became general superintendent at Gotha in 1816, and was appointed superior councillor of the con- sistory in 1840. His religious works are very numerous. Among the most important are : Systernatische JSntwickelung aller in der Dog- matik wrlcommenden Begriffe (1805 ; 4th ed., 1841), and Handbuch der Dogmatik der evan- gelisch-luiherischen Kirehe (1814-'18; 4th ed., 1838). He commenced, under the title of Cor- pus Reformatorum, a collection of the writings of the German reformers, which was con- tinued after his death by Bindseil (28 vols., 1834-'GO). He also wrote religious novels : Heinrich imd Antonio (1826), Her FreiJierr von Sandau (1829), and Clementine (1841). His autobiography was published in 1852. BREIGHEL. I. Pieter, the first of a celebrated family of Dutch and Flemish painters, born near Breda about 1520, died in Brussels about 1580. He studied with Peter Koeck, travelled through portions of France, Italy, and Switzerland, making sketches, and went to reside at Ant- werp, where Jie was made a member of the academy in 1551. He painted village festivals, attacks of banditti in wild landscapes, or scenes among the gypsies. II, Pieter the younger, son of the preceding, called " Hell Breughel," from the diabolical character of his subjects, born about 1567, died in 1625. His pictures gen- erally represent scenes in which devils, witches, sorcerers, or robbers play a conspicuous part. One of his most famous works is the " Tempta- tion of St. Anthony." III. Jan, brother of the preceding, commonly known as " Velvet ireughel," either from his habit of dressing us figures in velvet, or from the softness and delicacy with which he painted flowers, born at Brussels about 1570, died about 1635. His irst pictures were miniatures and fruit and lower pieces ; but after a tour through Italy he
- ook to painting landscapes, which are remark-
able for exquisite finish, and the spirit and liaracter of the minute figures introduced into them. He returned to Flanders with so great a reputation as a landscape painter, that artists frequently applied to him to paint backgrounds and other accessories to their pictures. In this way he assisted Rubens in the celebrated pictures of "Adam and Eve in Paradise," The Four Elements," and " Vertumnus and Pomona." BREVABD, a S. E. county of Florida, bound- ed E. by the Atlantic ocean ; area, about 5,600 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 1,216, of whom 19 were colored. The surface is low and flat and dotted with lakes. The Kissimee river intersects the W. part, and empties into Lake Okeechobee, on its S. "W. border. Low sand islands lie along the coast, between which and the main- land is a narrow sound called Indian river. The chief productions in 1870 were 38,650 bushels of Indian corn, 4,000 of peas and beans, 38,700 of sweet potatoes, and 6,450 Ibs. of rice. There were 191 horses, 149 mules and asses, 69,390 cattle, and 4,550 swine. BREVIARY, a book containing the " canoni- cal hours" or "divine office" which the Roman Catholic clergy and monastics are obliged to recite every day, and which was formerly said by the laity likewise. The name, derived from the Latin breviarium, brevis, is supposed to have been given because the office now in use is an abridgment of one much longer. The origin of the breviary was different in different parts of the church. Thus the diocese of An- tioch is said to have received it from Diodorus or Flavian, that of Constantinople from St. John Chrysostom, and that of Milan from St. Ambrose. Rome obtained it probably from Pope Gelasius I., in 494, and the churches of Spain from St. Leander, bishop of Seville about G20. These office books differed greatly both from one another and from the Roman breviary of the present day. In the course of time they became filled with legends of the saints of very doubtful authenticity, and many reforms were attempted, but without much success until Pope Pius V. and the council of Trent established a uniform office for the whole
