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304 BRODERICK BRODY superphosphates of lime, a custom house, and telegraph offices. The Grand Trunk railway passes north of the town, and the Brock ville and Ottawa railway connects it with Ottawa, 65 m. N. A ferry hoat crosses the river to Morristown, N. Y., in summer ; and passenger steamers and propellers call here daily. I;I;OII:KI< k. Uavid Colbreth, an American politician, born in Washington,- D. 0., in De- cember, 1818, killed in San Francisco, Sept. 21, 1859. In early life he worked us a stone mason in New York, and was connected with the fire department, of which he became engi- neer. In 1846 he was an unsuccessful candi- date for congress. He removed to California in 1849, and in 1850 was elected to the state senate, and in 1850 to the United States senate, where he opposed the attempt to force slavery into Kansas by means of the Lecompton consti- tution. On account of some expressions used in debate he was challenged by David S. Terry, a judge of the California courts, and was killed in the duel which ensued. BKOUE1UP, William John, an English natural- ist, born at Bristol in 1787, died in 1859. He took his degree at Oriel college, Oxford, was called to the bar in 1817, edited a legal work on sewers, and published three volumes of law reports. He was appointed by Sir Robert Peel a police magistrate for a metropolitan dis- trict, which office he retained for 34 years. He contributed largely to the "Penny Cyclopae- dia," and the greater part of the zoological de- partment of the " English Cyclopaedia " is his work. He is the author of many essays in the "Quarterly Review" on subjects of natural history. He also wrote " Zoological Recrea- tions" (London, 1847), and "Leaves from the Note Book of a Naturalist " (1852). BKOUHEAD, John Romeyn, an American his- torian, born in Philadelphia, Jan. 2, 1814, died in New York, May 6, 1873. He graduated at Rutgers college in 1831, studied law, practised for two years in New York, and afterward de- voted himself to the study of American history. In 1839 he went to Holland and was attached to the United States legation at the Hague. The legislature of New York having passed an act to appoint an agent to procure and tran- scribe original documents referring to the his- tory of the state, he was commissioned in 1841. The three following years were spent by him in searching the archives of Holland, England, and France for papers which might serve to illustrate the history of New York, and com- plete the records of the state at Albany. As the result of his labors he obtained a collection of more than 5,000 separate papers, many of them previously unknown to historians. He deposited his collection in the secretary of state's office, and made his final report as agent, in February, 1845. All these documents were ordered to be published by an act of the legis- lature of March 30, 1849. On the appoint- ment of Mr. Bancroft as minister to England in 1846, Mr. Brodhead was made secretary of legation, and remained in London till 1849. He now set to work upon his " History of the State of New York," the first volume of which, containing the period under the government of the Dutch, was published in!853, and the second in 1871. In 1853 he was appointed naval offi- cer of the port of New York, which post he held till 1857. BKOUIE, Sir Benjamin Collins, an English sur- geon, born at Winterslow, Wiltshire, June 9, 1783, died at Betchworth, Surrey, Oct. 21, 1862. He was educated at a free school in London, and under Sir Everard Home at St. George's hospital, where he became assistant surgeon in 1808, and afterward surgeon. In 1811 he received the Copley medal of the royal society for his physiological papers in the "Philosophical Transactions." From 1819 to 1823 he was professor of anatomy at the royal college of surgeons. . In 1834 he was created a baronet ; and in 1837 he became ser- geant surgeon to the queen. He was a member of several learned societies at home and abroad. He suggested important improvements in many kinds of surgical instruments, and in numerous cases substituted simple and less violent meth- ods of surgical operation. He published nu- merous articles in the medical journals, and a series of physiological papers on the action of the nervous centres in the production of animal heat, in the " Philosophical Transactions" from 1810 to 1812. His published works, some of which have passed through several editions, are : " Pathological and Surgical Observations on Diseases of the Joints" (1818; 5th ed., 1850); "Lectures on Diseases of the Urinary Organs "(1832; 4th ed., 1849) ; "Physiological Researches" (1851); and "Psychological In- quiries" (1854; 3d ed., 1856). His son, the present Sir BENJAMIN COLLINS BEODIE, born in 1817, was appointed professor of chemistry at Oxford in 1855, and was president of the chem- ical society in 1859 and 1860. He has contrib- uted to the "Philosophical Transactions" and the "Journal of the Chemical Society." BRODT, a town of East Galicia, Austria, cap- ital of a district of the same name, 52 m. E. N. E. of Lemberg; pop. in 1869, 18,890, of whom two thirds are Jews, whence it has been called "the German Jerusalem. " It is an important commercial focus for Galicia, Roumania, Tur- key, Germany, and chiefly for Russia, on the frontier of which it is situated. In 1779 it was established by Austria as a free port. It is generally dirty and badly built, but has a num- ber of fine buildings, among which are the Po- tocki palace, the principal synagogue, and sev- eral churches. It is the seat of an imperial administrative board for the district, and of a commercial tribunal, has a superior school for the Jews, and a gymnasium. Two great annual fairs are held, and the transactions amount to about $20,000,000 yearly. The traffic is in grain, horses, cattle, tallow, hides, furs, leather, wax, honey, dried fruits, colonial products, ironmongery, jewelry, wines, porcelain, &c.