Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume III.djvu/312

306 BROGNI BROKE {Fragments sur divers sujets de religion et de morale, Paris, 1840) ; the most remarkable of these relate to the part assigned to women in philanthropical labors and in the improvement of public morals. VIII. Albert, duke de, son of the preceding, a French statesman and author, born June 13, 1821. He early acquired literary reputation by his contributions to the Revue des Deux Mondes, and was elected in 1862 a member of the academy, in place of Lacor- daire. His principal work, L'figlise et V Empire remain au IV' siecle (2 vols., 1856), passed through many editions. He published a French version of Leibnitz's Systeme religieux, and wrote Questions de religion et dhistoire (2 vols., 1860), and various disquisitions, the prin- cipal feature of which was his attempt to rec- oncile the authority of the pope with modern views of progress. Under M. Thiers's presi- dency he has been for a short time minister of foreign affairs and ambassador at London (1871-'2). IX. Manrtee Jean Madeleine, bishop of Ghent, born Sept. 5, 1766, died in Paris, July 20, 1821. In 1805 he was almoner to Napo- leon, became bishop of Ghent in 1807, was im- prisoned at Vincennes in 1811, and restored to the see of Ghent in 1814. Refusing to take the oath of allegiance to the king and constitu- tion of the Netherlands, he was in 1817 exiled from that kingdom, and returned to France. BROGNI, Jean AUarmet, cardinal de, a Roman prelate, born at Brogni, Savoy, in 1342, died in Rome, Feb. 16, 1426. He was a swine- herd in his youth, and was successively made bishop of Viviers and of Ostia, archbishop of Aries, and bishop of Geneva, and finally car- dinal and chancellor of the church of Rome. During the great schism which divided the church for more than 40 years, Brogni de- voted himself to the work of conciliation. The council of Constance being called for that pur- pose by John XXIII. and the emperor Sigis- mund, the former was deposed at the sixth ses- sion, after which Brogni presided as senior car- dinal until the 41st, when Cardinal Colonna was elected pope, Nov. 14, 1417, chiefly through Brogni's influence, under the name of Martin V., and the holy see was once more established at Rome. As president of the council he had to pronounce the sentence of death upon Huss, to whom he had shown great kindness during the trial. The cardinal was the founder of the hos- pital of Annecy, of the college of St. Nicholas at Avignon, and other charitable institutions. BBOGUE, or Brogan, originally a sort of clog or shoe made of untanned skin, and worn by the Irish and Scotch. This article of dress fell into disuse early in the 15th century, and the substitute was made of tanned leather, with thick soles, freely studded with large-headed nails, which took the name of the article they supplanted. These brogues or brogans con- tinue to be worn in Ireland. By a natural pro- cess the peculiar manner in which the wearers of the brogue pronounced the English language became universally known as the brogue, and the application of this term is limited almost exclusively to the Irish. liKOII IV I. Augustine Snzanne, a French ac- tress, born in Paris, Jan. 29, 1807. She was edu- cated at the Paris conservatory, where in 1821 she obtained the first prize for proficiency in comedy. She made her first appearance on the Parisian stage at the Theatre Francais in 1824, and during, the next 18 years acted at that theatre, the Odeon, and the Vaudeville, iden- tifying herself chiefly with the last named. In 1842, when at the height of her reputation, she retired from the stage. Her personations were noted for acuteness, vigor, and an unusual com- mand of the conventional stage resources. II. Josephine Feliclt* Angnstine, a French actress, daughter of the preceding, born in Paris, Dec. 2, 1824. She was educated at the conservatory, and like her mother gained at 14 years of age the first prize for comedy. Being of a devotion- al turn of mind, she almost immediately after- ward entered a convent, and was with great difficulty persuaded to make her debut on the stage. She first appeared at the Theatre Fran- cais in 1839, as Dorine in Moliere's Tartufe, and created a favorable impression by her grace, vivacity, and modesty. She was at once engaged at this theatre, and soon became a skilful interpreter of Moliere, excelling in such parts as Dorine, Toinette in the Malade imaginaire, Cleanthis in Amphitryon, and Su- zanne in Beaumarchais's Manage de Figaro. She has also acted in many modern pieces, in- cluding Hugo's Le roi iamiise and Dumas's Mile, de Belle-Isle. A few slight pieces of her own have been successful on the stage, and she has figured occasionally as a journalist; but her attacks in the Figaro on her old friend Victor Hugo aroused go much feeling against her that she relinquished journalism. After the death of Rachel she succeeded to her chair at the conservatory. III. Emilie Madeleine, a French actress, sister of the preceding, born in Paris, Oct. 21, 1833. She was educated at the conser- vatory, where she gained the prize for comedy, and at 17 made her debut at the Theatre Fran- cais. She soon became a favorite, being not less noted for her personal charms than for her vivacity and intelligence as an actress, particu- larly in the modern drama. In 1854 she was married to Mario Uchard, a dramatic author. BROKE, Sir Philip Bowes Vere, a British ad- miral, born Sept. 9, 1776, died in Suffolk in 1841. He was educated at the royal academy in Portsmouth, entered the navy in 1792, served in the wars between France and Eng- gland, and was in command of the Shannon, protecting the whale fishery in the Greenland seas, when in 1812 war was declared between the United States and Great Britain. De- spatched with a squadron to blockade the Ame- rican ports, he appeared with the Shannon off the harbor of Boston, immediately after Capt. Lawrence had been promoted to the command of the Chesapeake. He sent a letter to Law- rence, challenging him to an engagement. The