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336 BROWN Mother." He produced in 1851, at the royal academy, a large painting of " Chaucer recit- ing hia Poetry at the Court of Edward III." "Christ washing Peter's Feet," exhibited in 1852, gained the prize of the Liverpool acade- my in 1856. One of his latest works is entitled " The English Fireside." BROWN, Goold, an American grammarian, born in Providence, E. I., March 7, 1791, died at Lynn, Mass., March 31, 1857. He was a teacher for over 20 years in the city of New York. His "Institutes of English Grammar" appeared in 1823 ; in the same year he also published "First Lines of English Grammar." His "Grammar of English Grammars" (large 8vo, 1851) was the most extensive and com- plete grammar of the English language, and has continued to enjoy a high reputation. A re- vised edition, which he had just completed at the time of his death, appeared in 1857. BROWN, Henry Kirke, an American sculptor, born at Leyden, Mass., in 1814. His first at- tempt at art was made at the age of 12, in the portrait of an old man. At 18 he went to Bos- ton to study portrait painting, but soon turned his attention to sculpture. Having spent some time in Italy, he returned to America and fixed his residence in Brooklyn, N. Y., applied lam- self to the casting of bronze, and produced the first bronze statue ever cast in this country. He has completed several well known works in marble, "Hope," the "Pleiades," the "Four Seasons," and the statue of Gen. Nathanael Greene in the capitol at Washington. In bronze he has executed a statue of De Witt Clinton, the equestrian statue of Washington in Union square, New York, the statues of Lincoln in Brooklyn and New York, and an equestrian statue of Gen. Scott in Washington. BROWN, Hugh Stowell, an English clergyman, born at Douglas, Isle of Man, in 1823. At the age of 15 he went to England to learn land surveying, and two years afterward went to Wolverton to learn engineering, and became an engine driver on a railroad. It was his habit, after his day's work was done, to spend several hours in study, and he wrote his first classical exercises with chalk upon the fire box of the engine. Becoming of age, he entered King's college in his native town, where he re- mained three years. Entertaining doubts as to some of the doctrines of the established church, he joined the Baptist denomination, and in 1848 was appointed minister of a chapel in Liverpool, and soon became the leader of the denomination in that city. He is a popular lecturer to the working classes, large numbers of whom attend his Sunday afternoon services. His published lectures have had a large sale. BROWN, Jacob, an American general, born in Bucks co., Penn., May 9, 1775, died in Wash- ington, Feb. 24, 1828. He was descended from members of the society of Friends ; supported himself in early life by teaching school ; was also employed for some time as a surveyor of public lands in Ohio; and settled in Jefferson co., N. Y., then a wilderness, in 1799. Ho was a militia general in 1812 ; was soon after appointed brigadier general in the regular army, and in 1814 major general; assisted in the de- fence of Sackett's Harbor in 1813 ; and in the following year exhibited much bravery in the battles of Chippewa and Niagara Falls, and at the siege of Fort Erie, receiving the thanks of congress and a gold medal. At the termi- nation of the war he continued in the army as major general, succeeding in 1821 to the chief command. BROWN, John, an English author, born at Eothbury, Northumberland, Nov. 5, 1715, killed himself, Sept. 23, 1766. He was edu- cated at Cambridge, and during the rebellion of 1745 acted with much gallantry as a volun- teer on the royal side. He afterward became rector successively at Moreland, Great Horkes- ley, and Newcastle. He was preparing to go to Russia, on the invitation of Catharine II., to aid in establishing a system of education, when an attack of gout and rheumatism caused him to commit suicide. His works include " Essays on the Characteristics of the Earl of Shaftes- bury," a tragedy called " Barbarossa," an "Estimate of the Manners and Principles of the Times," which passed through seven editions in one year, a " History of the Rise and Prog- ress of Poetry," and "Thoughts on Civil Lib- erty, Licentiousness, and Faction." BROWN, John, a Scottish Biblical critic, born in Perthshire about 1722, died at Haddington, June 19, 1787. While tending sheep on a farm he learned to read, and soon mastered the Latin, Greek, and Hebrew languages. At the age of 26 he opened a school, with the inten- tion of becoming a minister of the Scottish church. He sided with the party who seceded from the church soon after, was ordained, and became pastor of a small Secession congrega- tion in Haddington. Here he learned the Italian, Spanish, German, Dutch, French, Ara- bic, Persian, Syriac, and Ethiopia languages. His principal works are, a "Dictionary of the Bible," a "Self-Interpreting Bible," and a "History of the British Churches." BROWN, John, a Scottish physician, founder of the Brunonian system, born in Berwickshire in 1735, died in London, Oct. 7, 1788. He was the son of a poor farmer, and was early apprenticed to a weaver ; but having previ- ously manifested much aptitude for study at the grammar school of Dunse, the schoolmas- ter offered to instruct him gratuitously. The schoolmaster and the parents of Brown be- longed to a body of Presbyterian seceders, and young Brown was destined for the ministry. While pursuing his studies he was induced to at- tend a meeting of the synod of the established church at Dunse, and this gave such offence to his friends that he left the society and joined the established church. He then became pri- vate tutor in a gentleman's family, and acted as an assistant in the grammar school. In 1755 he went to Edinburgh, and after passing