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BRUNCK BRUNEHAUT 357 ZiXrich,1799-1801), Epitfoden (4 vols., 1807-'18), Romisches Leben (2 vols., Leipsic, 1833), and in her Briefe aw Bom, addressed to her brother, the bishop of Seeland, edited by Bottiger (Dres- den, 1816; new ed., 1820). Her last work, Wahrheit am Morgentrawmen und Ida's asthe- tische Entwiclcelnng (Aarau, 1824), contains a partial autobiography and an account of her daughter Ida's education. i:itl M h. Richard Fran?ols Philippe, a French philologist, born in Strasburg, Dec. 30, 1729, died June 12, 1803. He was educated in the col- lege of the Jesuits at Paris, served in Hanover as commissary of war, and returned at the age of 30 to Strasburg, where he studied in the uni- versity till he had mastered the Greek language. As an editor he made no commentaries, but oc- cupied himself only with the text. Persuaded that all faults in the language of the Greek poets came from the carelessness of copyists, he corrected the texts with the utmost fear- lessness, regardless of manuscript readings. Holding a lucrative official position, he was enabled to issue his editions without depending on a publisher. He edited the Greek antholo- gy, all of the tragedies of Sophocles, and sev- eral of those of JEschylus and Euripides, the Greek gnomic poets, and the works of Ana- creon, Aristophanes, and Apollonius of Rhodes. His labors were interrupted by the French revolution, whose principles he espoused. He was imprisoned during the reign of terror, was twice ruined in property, and obliged to part with his books. He then turned his attention to Latin authors, and edited Virgil, Plautus, and Terence. Itltl'MH smi. See BBINDISI. IJItl M:. GniUanme Marie Anne, a marshal of France, born at Brives-la-Gaillarde in 1763, died at Avignon, Aug. 2, 1815. He was edu- cated at Paris for the law, but on the break- ing out of the French revolution he took the side of the people, received a military appoint- ment, and served under Dnmouriez in Bel- gium. He was commissioned by the com- mittee of public safety to put down the in- surrection in the Gironde, which he did with the utmost rigor. He acted under Bonaparte against the revolting sections in Paris, and as- sisted the directory in putting down the con- spiracy in the camp at Grenelle, Sept. 9, 1796. He then entered the army of Italy in the di- vision of Massena, distinguishing himself by his intrepidity, and became commander of the sec- ond division, hitherto commanded by Augereau. After the peace of Oampo Formiohe command- ed the army which invaded Switzerland and captured Bonn. He was then sent to Italy, where, July 3, 1798, he forced the king of Sar- dinia to deliver up the citadel of Turin. In the following year he commanded in Holland, de- feated the English and Russians at Bergen, and forced the duke of York to capitulate at Alkmaar, Oct. 18, 1799. After the 18th Bru- maire he was appointed a member of the coun- cil of state, and sent against the royalist insur- gents of Brittany. From 1800 to 1802 he again served in Italy, and was afterward sent as am- bassador to Constantinople. In 1804 he re- turned to France, and was created marshal. In 1807 he received the grand cross of the le- gion of honor, and was sent to Hamburg as governor of the Hanseatic towns, and as com- mander of the reserve of the grand army. His conduct in regard to the truce with Sweden displeased Napoleon, and he was recalled in disgrace, and retired into private life. In 1814 he gave his adhesion to the acts of the senate, and received the cross of St. Louis from Louis XVIII. During the hundred days he became again a Bonapartist, and received the command of a corps of observation on the Var. After the battle of Waterloo he proclaimed King Louis XVIII., and while on his way from Toulon to Paris he was killed by a royalist mob at Avignon. His body was dragged through the streets and then thrown into the Rh&ne. In 1841 a monument was erected to him in his native town. liKI VKIIAI T, or Bronenild, queen of Austra- sia, born in 534, killed in 613. The daughter of Athanagild, king of the Visigoths of Spain, she married about 567 Sigebert, king of Austrasia. Ohilperic, king of Neustria, brother of Sigebert, having married Galsuinda, daughter of Athan- agild, abandoned and murdered her at the instigation of his mistress Fredegonda, whom he had made his queen. Brunehaut persuaded her husband to invade Neustria. The invasion was successful, but while besieging Tournay Sigebert was assassinated in 575 by emissaries of Fredegonda. The Austrasian army dis- persed, and Brunehaut fell into the hands of Ohilperic, and was taken to Rouen. There she induced Meroveus, one of the sons of the Neus- trian king, to marry her, and favored by Pre- textatus, bishop of Rouen, effected her escape to Austrasia, then governed by her son Ohilde- bert. She succeeded in recovering her author- ity, and in 587 concluded with Gontran the treaty of Andelot, which fixed the limits be- tween Austrasia and Burgundy. After the death of Ohildebert in 596, the nobles prevent- ed her from ruling in the name of her grand- son, Theodebert II. ; but another of her grand- sons, Thierry II. of Burgundy, made her mis- tress of his affairs. She quickly kindled a war between the two brothers. Theodebert was van- quished at Toul and at Tolbiac, and slain with his family in 612. Thierry suddenly died soon after, and Brunehaut seemed about to ascend the throne again, when she was opposed by Clothaire II., son of Fredegonda, at the head of an army of Burgundians and Austrasians. She encountered the enemy on the banks of the Aisne, but her troops refused to fight, and Brunehaut fell into the hands of the son of Fredegonda, who reproached her with having caused the death of ten kings or sons of kings, exposed her for three days to torture and to the insults of the soldiers, and then bound her by a foot and an arm to the tail of a wild horse.