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358 BRUNEI BRUNI Her remains were bnrned, and the ashes scat- tered to the winds. She lias been diversely judged by historians, being by some accused of monstrous crimes, and extravagantly praised by others. BRIJVEL. I. Sir Mark Isambard, a civil engi- neer, born at Hacqueville, near Rouen, France, April 25, 1769, died in London, Dec. 12, 1849. He was the son of a farmer, was educated at Rouen, studied drawing, hydrography, and mathematical sciences, and in 1786 entered the merchant service, and made several voyages to the West Indies. In 1793, for political reasons, he fled from France to New York, where he undertook the exploration and survey of some lands on Lake Ontario for a French land com- pany, and in 1794 commenced the survey of the Champlain canal. He sent in a design for the national capitol, which involved too much expense, and was therefore rejected; and he was much employed as an engineer and archi- tect in New York. After a stay of some years in America, he went to England, where he in- vented complicated machinery for cutting the blocks used in the rigging of ships, which was secured at a large expense for the royal dock- yards. He invented many other useful ma- chines, and was constantly employed upon im- portant architectural and engineering works. His greatest achievement was the construction of the Thames tunnel, commenced in 1825, and completed, after immense difficulties and several disasters, in 1843. In 1829 he received the cross of the French legion of honor, and in 1841 was knighted. He was a member of the royal society, and corresponding member of the French institute. II. Isambard Kingdom, an Eng- lish engineer and naval architect, son of the preceding, born at Portsmouth, April 9, 1806, died Sept. 14, 1859. He was educated in the college of Henry IV. at Caen, and was resident engineer, under his father, of the Thames tun- nel. He was long occupied in perfecting an en- gine designed by his father, the motive power of which was carbonic acid gas. This was aban- doned on economical grounds, although the machinery was brought to high perfection. In 1833 he was appointed chief engineer of the Great Western railway, and he designed and constructed the numerous bridges, viaducts, and tunnels on the entire line and its branches. Among his works are the Box tunnel near Bath, and the Hungerford suspension foot bridge over the Thames, which has the longest span of any in England. He constructed the Great Western steamship, the first which regu- larly traversed the Atlantic, the Great Britain, the first ocean screw steamer, and the Great Eastern, the largest steamer ever built. He also took part in the floating and raising of the Conway and Britannia tubular bridges, con- structed some of the most important docks on the English coast, conducted the works of the Tuscan portion of the Sardinian railway and of other foreign railways, and during the Crimean war had the entire charge of estab- lishing and organizing the hospitals on the Dardanelles. He was elected a fellow of the royal society in 1830, and WMS vice president of the institution of engineers and of the society of arts, and chevalier of the legion of honor. BKIIKELLESCHI, Filippo, an Italian architect, born in Florence in 1377, died there in 1444. He was' apprenticed to a goldsmith, afterward devoted himself to sculpture, and finally be- came the leading architect of his day in Italy. He studied the ancient architecture of Rome, and is credited with reviving the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders, and settling the prin- ciples of perspective as applied to architecture. He constructed the dome of the church of Santa Maria del Fiore at Florence, the largest in diameter in the world, and designed the Pitti palace, the churches of San Spirito and San Lorenzo, and the abbey at Fiesole. 1JKI KT, Jacques diaries, a French bibliog- rapher, born in Paris, Nov. 2, 1780, died there, Nov. 16, 1867. The son of a bookseller, he early devoted himself to the study of bibliography, and made several catalogues of old libraries. His most important work is the Manuel du libraire et de Vamateur de litres (3 vols. 8vo, 1810). The 5th edition (7 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1860-'67) is the most complete work on bibli- ography ever produced. He also published Seeherchei sur let Editions originales des cinq livres du roman mtirique de Rabelais, and several other works. In 1848 he received the decoration of the legion of honor. lilil M. Leonardo, called AEETINO, an Italian author, born in Arezzo in 1369, died in Flor- ence, March 9, 1444. For about ten years he was secretary of the papal chancery, excepting in 1410, when he was for a short time chancel- lor of the Florentine republic. His career at the Vatican was terminated by his marriage in 1412, and three years later he went to Florence, where he again became chancellor. Here he completed his Latin Hiitoria Florentine (Ital- ian translation, Venice, 1473). He retained the chancellorship for 17 years, and was fore- most among the celebrated scholars who met in the palace of Cosmo de' Medici. His Italian writings marked a new era in the increased polish of the language, and his Latin transla- tions of Greek authors contributed greatly to the revival of classical learning. His history of the Goths, De Bella Italico adversus OotJios (Foligno and Venice, 1470-'71), is regarded as his best work. It was reprinted with Pro- copius, from whom it is chiefly taken, and with other histories of Gothic wars (Basel, 1531 ; Paris, 1534). His Epistolas Familiares (most complete edition, by the abbe Mehus, Florence, 1731, with Bruni's biography and a full cata- logue of his works) give valuable informa- tion respecting the literature of the 15th cen- tury. He wrote biographies in Italian of Dante and Petrarch, and of Cicero in Latin and Italian. His novel, De Amore Guistardi et Siffismundai Film Tancredi, taken from Bocca- cio's Decameron, has been translated into Eng-