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BONAPARTE 33 escape from Ham, though in a dying con- dition, he hastened from Florence to Leghorn to meet him, hut arrived only to be informed of his son's inability to procure a passport from England for Italy. This disappointment brought on a fit from which he died, unattended by any member of his family. He was buried in the church of Santa Croce, and his remains were subsequently transferred to the church of St. Leu in Paris. Despite his life-long diffi- culties with Louis, the emperor gave prece- dence in his will to his children over those of Joseph and Lucien in the right of succession, and also pardoned him for what he denounced as libellous assertions in the Documents histo- riques et reflexions sur le gouvernement de la Hollande (3 vols., Paris and London, 1820), the most important publication by Louis, and which throws much light upon his and Napoleon's ca- reer. He was also the author of several volumes of poetry, of a novel descriptive of Dutch life and manners (Marie, ou les peines d'amour, 3 vols. ; 2d ed., under the title of Marie, ou lea Hollandaises 1814), and of a Memoire sur la versification (Paris, 1814), which obtained from the institute a prize offered by himself for the best essay on versification. He afterward en- larged this work (2 vols., Rome, 1825-'6), adding adaptations of Ruth et Noemi, an opera, Lu- crece, a tragedy, and Moliere's ISAvare, as spe- cimens of Greek and Latin forms of versification which he wished to see adopted in French poetry. His other writings include HMoire du parlement anglais depuis son origine jusqu'en Van VII, with autograph notes by Napoleon (Paris, 1820); Reponse a Sir Walter Scott sur son Histoire de Napoleon (1828-'9) ; and Obser- vations sur V Histoire de Napoleon par Nonins (1834). The last surviving son of Louis and Hortense was the late emperor Napoleon III. (See BONAPARTE, NAPOLEON III.) II. Napoleon Louis, second son of the preceding, born in Paris, Oct. 11, 1804, died in Forli, Italy, March 17, 1831. He was the first of the Bonaparte princes whose name was inscribed on the offi- cial records ; he was baptized by Pope Pius VII., and Napoleon I. and Madame Lsetitia were his sponsors. The death of his brother made him heir presumptive to the Dutch throne, and while Hortense was regent he was for a short time recognized as king of Holland. The em- peror made him in 1809 grand duke of Oleves and Berg, and his mother had him educated by the abbe Bertrand. In conformity with the decisions of the tribunals, he was subsequently taken away from her to join his father in Italy. In 1827 he married his cousin Charlotte, the younger daughter of Joseph, ex-king of Spain. He became an ardent liberal, and during the revolutionary outbreak of 1831 he and his brother Louis Napoleon organized the defensive operations of the Italian patriots on the line from Foligno to Oivita Oastel- lana, and were about to seize the latter fort and set free the prisoners of state detained there, when their parents dissuaded them from compromising the Italian cause by giv- ing to the French a pretext for deserting it. They went thereupon to Bologna, and when that city was occupied by the Austrians, they removed to Forli, where Prince Napol6on Louis died of the measles. He was noted for his scientific attainments and his mechanical inventions. He established a paper manufac- tory on a plan of his own, published an essay on balloons, translated into French the " History of the Sacking of Rome," by his reputed an- cestor Jacopo Buonaparte (Florence, 1829), and published some other writings. BONAPARTE. I. Ludt'ti, prince of Canino, second brother of Napoleon, born in Ajaccio, March 21, 1775, died in Viterbo, June 29, 1840. He attended with his brother Joseph the col- lege of Autun for nearly two years, and after- ward studied at the military school of Brienne and at the seminary of Aix in Provence. He then lived some time with his uncle, the future cardinal Fesch, and in 1792 returned to Corsi- ca. Lucien was an ardent supporter of the revolution, and Paoli called him his little Taci- tus. After Paoli's rupture with France in 1793 Lucien abandoned him, and went at the head of a deputation to Paris to solicit assistance against him and against the English. Subse- quently he became connected with the com- missary department at St. Maximin, and exerted much influence in that little town, as president of the popular society and the revolutionary committee, in preventing political excesses. He was nevertheless arrested after the fall of Robespierre, while he was acting as military inspector in the vicinity of Cette, and released only after six weeks' imprisonment through Na- poleon's influence with Barras, who subsequent- ly appointed him commissary of war. About the same time he married a poor girl of Provence. In 1798 he was elected deputy to the council of 500, of which he became president after Napoleon's return from Egypt. Having been a prominent supporter of the constitutional re- forms projected t>y Sieyes, he aided in securing his cooperation for the coup d'etat of the 18th Brumaire, and was one of the most active in its execution. During the stormy scenes in the council of 500 he left the chair under the pro- tection of Napoleon's grenadiers. He was ap- pointed by the first consul to the newly created senate, but at his request he became minister of the interior as successor of Laplace, who took Lucien's seat in the senate ; and the administra- tive centralization of France was initiated during his tenure of office. He reestablished the official organ, the Mercure de France, and promoted letters and arts; but he was too independent to suit his brother, and his relations with him be- came still more embittered through Fouch6, who taunted Lucien with his improvident course and with his illicit relations with the actress M6zorai, and falsely charged him with conspiring against the first consul. Lucien was removed from the ministry and sent as ambassador to Madrid. Here he ingratiated