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BURNEY BURNLEY 471 and Sciences," in the "American Journal of Science," in the "Transactions of the Ameri- can Medical Association for 1853," and in the " American Journal of Medical Science." His principal work was the prize essay published by the medical association on " The Cell, its Physiology, Pathology, and Philosophy, as de- duced from Original Observations ; to which is added its History and Criticism." He was engaged at the time of his death in translating from the German the " Comparative Anatomy " of Siebold and Stannins. BURNEY, Charles, an English organist, com- poser, and historian of music, born at Shrews- bury, April 7, 1726, died at Chelsea, April 15, 1814. At the age of 18 he came under the tuition of Dr. Arne, with whom he studied for three years in London. In 1749 he was ap- pointed organist of a church in the city, and in the same year produced at Drury Lane three musical dramas, " Robin Hood," " Alfred," and " Queen Mab." For the next nine years he lived at Lynn Regis, in Norfolk, as organist, and compiled materials for his " History of Music." In 1760 he returned to London, where he brought out a number of instrumental compositions, and an adaptation of J. J. Rous- seau's operetta, Le devin du village, under the title of " The Cunning Man." One of his most admired works was an anthem performed on the occasion of receiving his degree of doctor of music at Oxford in 1769. In the following year, with a view of obtaining further materials for his " History of Music," he visited the prin- cipal cities of France and Italy, and in 1771 published the result of his observations in a volume entitled " The Present State of Music in France and Italy." In the succeeding year he made a similar tour through Germany and the Netherlands, and published the result in two volumes. The four volumes of his " His- tory of Music " appeared respectively in 1776, 1782, and two in 1789. His remaining works are : " An Account of Little Crotch, the Infant Musician," "An Account of the Musical Per- formances in Westminster and the Pantheon in commemoration of Handel," a life of Metas- tasio, and the musical articles in "Rees's Cyclopaedia." His published compositions are chiefly sonatas. In 1790 he was appointed or- ganist of Chelsea college, where he passed the remainder of his life. Dr. Burney was twice married, and had eight children, of whom the eldest created a sensation in London in her youth by her performances on the harpsichord. The second daughter was Frances, Mme. d'Ar- blay, the novelist. (See AEBLAT.) Another daughter, SARAH HARRIET, also wrote several novels (" Geraldine Fauconberg," " The Ship- wreck," "Traits of Nature," &c.), but with less success. The eldest son, JAMES (1739- 1821), was an officer in the navy, accompanied Capt. Cook in two voyages, commanded the Discovery after Cook's death, and became rear admiral. Ho was the author of a " Chrono- logical History of the Discoveries in the South Sea, with a History of the Buccaneers of Amer- ica" (5 vols. 4to, 1803-' 17), and other works. CHABLES, D. D. (1757-1817), was an eminent classical scholar, critic, teacher, and bibliogra- pher. He collected a valuable library, which is now in the British museum. BURNING GLASS and BURNING MIRROR, in- struments to concentrate the sun's heat. The usual burning glass is simply a double convex lens, which brings the rays of solar heat to a fo- cus at nearly the same point at which it brings the rays of light. Artificial heat cannot in general be brought to a focus by a glass lens ; but a lens of rock salt will bring heat radiating from any source to a focus. The use of burn- ing glasses or burning crystal is alluded to by Aristophanes, and several writers declare that Archimedes fired the Roman ships by means of burning mirrors. In the 17th and 18th centu- ries many experiments were made with burning glasses of immense size. Tschirnhausen made several, some of which are still at Paris, 33 in. in diameter. In 1774 Lavoisier and Brisson super- intended the making of a lens 4 ft. in diameter, of two glasses like watch crystals, with various fluids between. This is called Trudaine's lens, from the person who bore the expense. About the year 1800 a Mr. Parker of London made a lens 3 ft. in diameter, which is now at Peking. The heat from these large lenses is intense, and capable of melting any stone or mineral in a few seconds. Equal effects may be obtained from mirrors. Heat is reflected like light, .and a concave mirror brings both to a focus. Abont 1670 a M. Vilette of Lyons constructed several mirrors of polished metal, from 30 to 50 in. in diameter. Tschirnhausen made one of copper nearly 5 ft. in diameter. Buffon (who was the first to suggest a lens made of several pieces, afterward brought to perfection by Fresnel, and of great use in lighthouses) made a large reflector of several hnndred smaller ones, each 6 in. by 8. With this he set fire to wood at the distance of 210 ft., proving the possibility, though not the probability, of Archimedes hav- ing thus burned the Roman fleet. It having been shown that the sun's rays have a heating power partly proportioned to the heat of the place into which they shine, the galvanic flame of a large battery has been made to play through the focus of a large burning glass, and thus the most intense heat ever witnessed has been produced, beyond all reasonable compari- son with those temperatures that can be meas- ured by degrees. In all these experiments the most blinding light accompanies the heat, which renders it somewhat difficult to observe the effects. Priestley's " History of Optics," Bos- sut's Histoire des mathematiques, the Memoires of the French academy for 1777, and Buffon's supplement to his "Natural History," giv.e fur- ther information on this subject. BURNLEY, a town of Lancashire, England, on the river Burn, 22 m. N. of Manchester, and 40 m. N. E. of Liverpool; pop. in 1871, 31,608. It is on the Leeds and Liverpool oa-