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522 CABANEL plished through the former. The next word, bara, "ho created," has the numerical value of 203 : add this to the first word, and the sum is .1 _ i _ j? i_v _ ginning .. that the creation of the world took place in the beginning of the Hebrew year. Another cabalistic formula was called notarion, "ex- traction," from the Latin nature. It consisted in taking some leading word of the Scriptures, and making each successive letter the initial of a new word, all of which, in order, should form an intelligible sentence. The literature of the Cabala is considerable. Among the ear- liest commentators of the Sepher Yetzirah is the philosopher Saadiah Gaon, who flourished in Babylonia in the 10th century, and was follow- ed by many other distinguished writers in Asia, Africa, and Spam. In later times Provence, Germany, Italy, Turkey, and Poland became successively the seats of cabalistic lore. (See HEBEBWS.) CABMEL, Alesandre, a French painter, born in Montpellier, Sept. 28, 1823. He studied in Paris under Picot, obtained prizes in 1844 and 1845 for his earliest productions, and has increased his reputation by many pictures on religious and mythological subjects. Among the latter are the "Nymph carried off by a Faun" (1859), and "The Birth of Venus," of which he executed a copy in 1871 for New York, and another copy is in Philadelphia. He is also eminent as a portrait painter. In 1863 he succeeded Horace Vernet as a member of the academy of fine arts, and was appointed pro- fessor in the school of fine arts. CABANIS, Pierre Jean George, a French physi- cian and philosopher, born at Conac, in Sain- tonge, June 5, 1757, died at. Rueil, near Paris, May 5, 1808. In his early studies, which he pursued at Brives, he made little progress. At the age of 14 he went to Paris, where he em- ployed two years in reading the works of an- cient philosophers, the writings of the fathers of the church, and those of modern philoso- phers, such as Kousseau, Voltaire, and Locke. He then passed two years in Poland as secre- tary of the prince bishop of Wilna. Upon his return to Paris, Turgot introduced him to Mine. Helvetius and her brilliant circle at Auteuil, where he became acquainted with D'Alembert, Diderot, Oondillac, Baron d'Holbach, Frank- lin, Jefferson, and other men of eminence, and undertook to translate Homer into French verse. He afterward became the pupil of Du- breuil in medicine, and received his degree of doctor in 1783. When the revolution broke out -in 1789, Oabanis espoused the popular cause. He became the physician and friend of Mirabeau, of whose last illness and death he published an account. He was also a friend of Oondorcet, and procured for him the poison which enabled him to escape the scaffold. In 1789 he published Observations sur les h6pi- taux. In 1795 he was appointed professor of CABAERUS hygiene at the central school, and professor of clinical instruction at the medical school. He was active in the reorganization of medical instruction in the schools of Paris, Montpel- lier, and Strasburg. In 1797 he published a report to the council of 500 on the organiza- tion of medical schools, and Du degre de cer- titude en medecine, and in 1804 Coup d'ceil sur les revolutions et la reforme de la medecine, in which he developed the first germs of his system. " The active principle of life and movement in animated bodies," says Cabraiis, "which Stahl calls the 'soul,' is ONE, but it acts diversely in the organs according to dif- ferences of structure and function. It digests in the stomach, breathes in the lungs, secretes bilelnthe liver, and thinks in the brain." Con- dillac had explained all the actions of the soul by sensation ; Oabanis wished to complete this system of philosophy by investigating and ex- plaining the origin and nature of sensation. "All sensibility, "he maintains, "resides in the nerves, and therefore all the moral affections and intellectual faculties reside in the nerves. Impressions are received on the peripheral nerves and carried to the nervous centres, where they excite thought, feeling, and reac- tion in the organism. Distinctions between physical and moral nature are therefore vain, the moral faculties having their origin in the physical." He supported Bonaparte on his return from Egypt ; and on the day after the 18th Brumaire, . in the name and on behalf of the legislative assembly, he wrote the procla- mation recommending the French nation to accept the revolution which had just been ac- complished. Under the consulate he was named a member of the senate ; but, disappointed by the reactionary policy of Napoleon, he with- drew from public life, and devoted his atten- tion exclusively to science. The principal work of Gabanis is Les rapports du physique et du moral de Phomme (2 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1802; 3 vols., 1824), a portion of which had appeared in the Recueil de Pinstitut national. Cabanis before he died modified in many respects the views he had maintained in that work, and in a private letter to a friend, published after his death, states that it is impossible to conceive the existence of the universe without an intel- ligent first cause. ( VIUKKI S, a S. "W. county of North Caroli- na; area, 350 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 11,954, of whom 3,929 were colored. The surface is un- even, and in some places mountainous ; the soil is of moderate but not uniform fertility. It is watered by branches of Rocky river, an afflu- ent of the Yadkin. It produced gold in the early part of the present century. The North Carolina railroad crosses it. The chief produc- tions in 1870 were 87,968 bushels of wheat, 268,560 of Indian corn, 47,590 of oats, 2,248 tons of hay, and 2,703 bales of cotton. There were 1,797 horses, 1,035 mules and asses, 2,469 milch cows, 3,945 other cattle, 4,667 sheep, and 13,276 swine. Capital, Concord.