Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume III.djvu/529

CABARRUS CABBAGE 523 CABARWS, Franeiseo de, count, a Spanish financier, born in Bayonne in 1752, died in Se- ville, April 27, 1810. He was the son of a French merchant, and became a clerk of his father's correspondent at Saragossa, M. Gala- bert, whose daughter he married. His financial talents attracted the attention of the Spanish authorities, who adopted his plan of issuing paper money, and of a new royal bank, placing him at the head of it ; and he founded in 1785 a Philippine island trading company and project- ed the canal of Segovia. Charles III. made him councillor of state, but after the accession of Charles IV. he was accused of dishonesty and imprisoned from 1790 to 1794, and was for- mally acquitted in 1795. He was next made a count and employed in diplomatic missions. He was appointed Spanish minister in Paris, but the directory declined to recognize him on the pretext of his French nativity. Charles IV. compensated him for the loss of this office by a gift of $300,000 ; but in 1799 Godoy ban- ished him from the court to Burgos, and after- ward sent him out of the country as minister to Holland. In 1808 he was called back by Ferdinand VII. and appointed minister of finance and director of the royal bank, offices which he continued to hold after Joseph Bona- parte became king. He wrote much on mer- cantile and financial topics. His beautiful daughter Therese married M. de Fontenay, and afterward acquired celebrity as Mme. Tal- lien and princess of Chimay. (See CHIMAT.) CAB AT, Nicolas Lonls, a French landscape paint- er, born in Paris, Dec. 24, 1812. He studied under Canaille Flers, explored the picturesque regions of France and subsequently of Italy, produced his first work in 1833, and acquired celebrity as a landscape painter of the realistic school. His earlier paintings resemble those of the old Flemish masters, but his later ones display less vigor and charm of execution, and are more after the style of Poussin. Among his more recent works are "The Ravine of Villeroy " (1855), "Pond in the Wood " (1859), and " Solitude " (1865). In 1867 he was elected member of the academy of fine arts. CABBAGE, a plant belonging to the order crucifera and genus brassica, the order com- prehending also the scurvy grass, pepper grass, mustard, cress, radish, and turnip, and the genus including also the cauliflower, broccoli, borecole or sprouts, rape, colza, savoy, and kohl-'rabi. The brassica oleracea, from which all the forms of cabbage spring, is found growing wild on rocky shores and cliff's in England, with no ap- pearance of a head. The cultivated cabbage is considered by some a monstrosity ; but its varieties are well marked, distinct, and easily perpetuated, where care is taken to secure such conditions as will continue their exact habits. The cabbage is a biennial ; the seed being sown produces a full-grown plant the first season, and the next season sends out shoots 1J to 2 ft. long, which bear small globular seeds'in a great number of pods. The whole plant then perishes. The large, solid heads of cabbage, now so familiar, have been produced from the wild plant by gradual improvement in soils, manures, and cultivation. To repeat them annually it is necessary to observe two points : 1. None but those heads presenting the best type of the va- riety should be saved for seed ; they must be taken up with the roots before frost sets in, the useless outside leaves removed, and set in a cool, dark cellar, with the roots imbedded in soil, and packed as closely as possible. In spring they are set out about 2 x 2J ft. apart in good garden soil, and no seed saved except from the most vigorous stalks. 2. They must not produce seeds near other plants seeding at the same time which belong to the same tribe, such as cauliflower, turnip, broccoli, &c., as they will mix through their flowers, the seed producing mongrel varieties. Much disappoint- ment is experienced from using seeds carelessly produced for sale by seed growers. There are many very valuable varieties of cabbage, some suited to particular localities. For early use, Cabbage Leaf and Flowers. early York is an old favorite, but some prefer the early flat Battersea. Coming next in suc- cession, the Winningstadt is excellent, heads compact, growth rapid. About New York, the late Bergen, flat Dutch, and best varieties of drumhead cabbages are preferred for late sorts. Three crops are secured in a season ; seeds of early and late sorts are sown in a moderate hot- bed in March, for the latitude of New York city, kept slightly moistened, with plenty of air at all times when the temperature is not too low. The plants are dusted with dry wood ashes, pulverized lime, or a little Scotch snnff, to keep off the fly, a small black insect which is a great pest, thinned to an inch apart, and kept free from weeds. When the beds outside are dry and warm enough, the plants are re- moved during a cloudy day, or in the afternoon, and the early sorts set with a dibble, 14 to 18 in., the later ones 20 to 22 in. apart each way,